Abstract
We identify the time between Andreev reflections as a classical adiabatic invariant in a ballistic chaotic cavity (Lyapunov exponent ), coupled to a superconductor by an -mode constriction. Quantization of the adiabatically invariant torus in phase space gives a discrete set of periods , which in turn generate a ladder of excited states . The largest quantized period is the Ehrenfest time . Projection of the invariant torus onto the coordinate plane shows that the wave functions inside the cavity are squeezed to a transverse dimension , much below the width of the constriction.
- Received 12 August 2002
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.116801
©2003 American Physical Society