Experimental Constraint on an Exotic Parity-Odd Spin- and Velocity-Dependent Interaction with a Single Electron Spin Quantum Sensor

Man Jiao, Maosen Guo, Xing Rong, Yi-Fu Cai, and Jiangfeng Du

Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 010501 – Published 29 June 2021

Abstract

Improved laboratory limits on the exotic spin- and velocity-dependent interaction at the micrometer scale are established with a single electron spin quantum sensor. The single electron spin of a near-surface nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is used as the quantum sensor, and a fused-silica half-sphere lens is taken as the source of the moving nucleons. The exotic interaction between the polarized electron and the moving nucleon source is explored by measuring the possible magnetic field sensed by the electron spin quantum sensor. Our experiment sets improved constraints on the exotic spin- and velocity-dependent interaction within the force range from 1.4 to $330 μ m$ . The upper limit of the coupling $g_{A}^{e} g_{V}^{N}$ at $200 μ m$ is $| g_{A}^{e} g_{V}^{N} | \leq 5.3 \times 10^{- 19}$ , significantly improving the current laboratory limit by more than 4 orders of magnitude.

Received 19 September 2020
Accepted 2 June 2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.010501

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Axions Quantum sensing

Nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond

Particles & Fields

Authors & Affiliations

Man Jiao^1,2,3, Maosen Guo^1,2,3, Xing Rong ^1,2,3,*, Yi-Fu Cai ^4,5, and Jiangfeng Du ^1,2,3,†

¹Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
²CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
³Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
⁴CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
⁵School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

^*Corresponding author. xrong@ustc.edu.cn
^†Corresponding author. djf@ustc.edu.cn

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Issue

Vol. 127, Iss. 1 — 2 July 2021

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Images

Figure 1
(a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. The 532 nm pulsed laser passed twice through an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and an objective before being focused on the NV center. The red fluorescence was collected by an avalanche photodiode (APD) with a counter. The microwave pulses were generated by a $12 GSa / s$ arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), amplified by a microwave power amplifier, and then delivered via a copper wire. An arbitrary sequence generator (ASG) [26] has been used to synchronize the whole setup. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been installed to drive and monitor the vibration of the tuning fork. (b) The detailed figure for the single NV center and the tuning fork. A fused-silica half-sphere, labeled as “Nucleon source,” is used as a moving mass source. (c) A schematic diagram of interacting source and the single electron spin sensor. The radius of the nucleon source, $M$ , is $R = 250 μ m$ . A static magnetic field $B_{0}$ was applied along the symmetry axis of the NV center ( $S$ ). $v$ is the relative velocity vector between the NV center and the half-sphere lens. $θ$ stands for the angle between the velocity vector and the external magnetic field $B_{0}$ .
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Figure 2
Experimental scheme of testing the parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction between a single spin and a moving mass source. (a) and (b) are, respectively, experimental pulse sequences for accumulating a positive and negative phase factor due to the exotic interaction on the superposition state of $S$ . Symbols $π$ and $π / 2$ stand for the rotation angles of the quantum state due to the microwave pulses. The phase of the last $π / 2$ microwave pulse is $ϕ_{mw}$ . For accumulating a positive (negative) phase factor, the $π / 2$ microwave pulses were applied on $S$ when $M$ passed through the minimal (maximum) value of $d (t)$ . $π$ microwave pulses were applied on the center of the microwave sequence. The time duration between $π / 2$ and $π$ pulses is $τ = π / ω_{M}$ . The pulse lengths of $π / 2$ and $π$ are 64 ns and 127 ns, respectively. The time durations of the green laser pulse for initialization and readout are $2.0 μ s$ and $0.3 μ s$ , respectively. The waiting time $τ$ is $6.652 μ s$ .
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Figure 3
Experimental results for testing the parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction. (a) and (b) are experimental data for population of the final state on $| m_{S} = 0 ⟩$ , $P_{+}$ , and $P_{-}$ , respectively. (c) Orange dots with error bars are the difference between $P_{+}$ and $P_{-}$ .
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Figure 4
Upper limit on the exotic parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction $g_{A}^{e} g_{V}^{N}$ as a function of the force range $λ$ and mass of the bosons $m_{b}$ . Black lines are upper limits established by experiments in Refs. [17, 18]. The red line is the upper bound obtained from our experiment, which establishes an improved laboratory bound in the force range from 1.4 to $330 μ m$ . The upper limit of the coupling $g_{A}^{e} g_{V}^{N}$ at $200 μ m$ is $| g_{A}^{e} g_{V}^{N} | \leq 5.3 \times 10^{- 19}$ , which is significantly improved by up to 4 orders of magnitude.
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