Figure 1

(a) The initial configuration, which consisted of a gold surface (180 atoms/layer), a cylindrical water droplet (3.5 nm in diameter), and an above fixed layer of gold atoms (180 atoms). Red, white, and yellow atoms represent oxygen, hydrogen, and gold atoms, respectively. The distance between the two gold layers is 10.0 nm. (b) The configuration after the full spreading of the droplet. (c) Complete wetting of the droplet. (d) The water molecules in the initial configuration (a), which finally formed the PF in (b). (e) The snapshot of the two-dimensional $H$-bond network in the PF. The blue lines represent $H$ bonds. And the background color illustrates the potential surface of the gold substrate.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

The propagation of the radius $R$ of the PF with respect to the time $t$. (a) The spreading of the droplet. (b) The electrowetting of the droplet when the external electric field $E=0.245\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{nm}$. (c) The change of $n$ with respect to $E$. The red line is $n=0.1554$ when the droplet spread. The left and right dashed lines represent the critical electric field $E_c$ and the saturated field $E_s$ in electrowetting, respectively.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

The average of the local density profile ($\rho /{\rho }_0$, ${\rho }_0=1000\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^3$) around a water molecule. The first peak of each line represents the average intermolecular distance between water molecules $d_w$. The dash line represents the average intermolecular distance between gold atoms $d_g$ in the substrate.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

The path lines of water molecules belonging to different regions.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 5

The dynamic electro-elasto-capillary process of a droplet on gold substrate. The wrapped droplet unwraps on the gold substrate under $E=0.544\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{nm}$ along the $-y$ direction. The blue line represents the graphene. The red, white, and yellow atoms represent oxygen, hydrogen, and gold atoms, respectively.Reuse & Permissions