Can acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) accurately diagnose renal masses?

Abstract Background: Renal masses are increasingly being discovered because of the wide accessibility of modern high resolution imaging procedures. Previous clinical studies have reported that acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) is used for diagnosis of renal masses. However, no study has investigated this topic systematically. Therefore, this study will evaluate the diagnostic value of ARFI for the diagnosis of renal masses. Methods: A systematic search using the databases of Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Pubmed, WANGFANG, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure will be performed to identify studies in which patients with renal masses are assessed by ARFI. Two investigators will independently screen the literature and extract the data. Any discrepancies will be resolved via discussion with the senior author. Study quality will be assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool, and pooled sensitivity and specificity of various ARFI findings for the diagnosis of renal masses will be determined. Summary receiver operating characteristic curve will be used to assess the overall performance of ARFI. Results: This study will evaluate the diagnostic value of ARFI for the diagnosis of renal masses through sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio. Conclusion: This study will summarize the most recent evidence that focusing on the diagnosis of ARFI for renal masses. Study registration: INPLASY202060105.


Introduction
Renal masses are increasingly being discovered because of the wide accessibility of modern high resolution imaging procedures. [1][2][3] Conventional ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have been widely used to evaluate renal masses. [4][5][6] However, conventional ultrasound often cannot produce the high level of information regarding renal masses that can be gained from computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. [7][8][9] Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) as a new technology is able to differentiate between malignant and benign renal masses by providing shear wave velocity values to quantify the elasticity of renal masses. [10][11][12] However, there are still various findings, and no systematic review has specifically assessed this issue. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Therefore, we will carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize the diagnostic value of ARFI for renal masses.

Objective
This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of ARFI in the diagnosis of renal masses.

Study registration
We have registered this study on INPLASY202060105. This meta-analysis will be conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, which include 27 items and provide specific guidance for reporting of systematic reviews. [19] 2.3. Eligible criteria for including studies 2.3.1. Type of studies. Randomized control trials and case control or prospective studies will be included.

Type of participants.
Studies involving patients with renal masses will be included.

Type of index test.
Index test: Studies using ARFI for the diagnosis of renal masses will be included.
Reference test: Studies using reference standards such as histopathology, cytopathology, and/or clinical follow-up will be included.
2.3.4. Type of outcome measurements. The primary outcomes are sensitivity and specificity. The secondary outcomes are positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio.
2.4. Information sources and search strategy 2.4.1. Electronic searches. Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Pubmed, WANGFANG, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure will be systematically searched to identify potentially eligible studies from inception to June 2020. Computer searches will be carried out using the Medical Subject Heading and keywords. Search strategy for Pubmed is presented in Table 1. Similar search strategies will be adapted to other electronic databases. There will be no limitations of language and publication status.

Other resources.
The bibliographies of identified studies and review articles will be manually screened to expand the number of eligible studies.
2.5. Data records and analysis 2.5.1. Selection process of studies. We will export all articles from the searched results to the Endnote 7.0, and any duplicated studies will be removed. Two investigators will independently screen all literature to check whether they meet the specific inclusion criteria, and all irrelevant studies will be excluded. Then, full-text articles that meet the specific inclusion criteria will be obtained and judged. The whole process of study selection will be shown in a flowchart. Any divergences between the 2 investigators will be solved via discussion with a senior author when necessary. A list of excluded reasons alongside the rationale of their exclusion will be noted in an additional file.
2.5.2. Data collection and management. Two researchers will independently extract the relevant data from the included studies using a predesigned data collection form. Any discrepancies will be resolved via discussion with the senior author. For eligible studies, the following items will be extracted: last name of the first author, year of publication, country, study type, blinding method, US equipment, sample size, mean age, gender, US diagnostic criteria, standard reference, tumor size, time between ARFI and the standard reference, true positives, true negatives, as well as false positives and false negatives of ARFI in the diagnosis of renal masses. If insufficient information occurs during the period of data collection, we will contact corresponding authors to obtain it.

Study quality assessment
The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool will be utilized to evaluate the risk of bias and methodological quality by 2 investigators independently. [20] Any discrepancies will be resolved via discussion with a senior author. The quality of each included study will be evaluated by an appraisal of the risk of bias of 4 domains and clinical applicability of three domains of the study characteristics. Four domains consisted of patient selection, index test, reference standard and flow and timing. Each domain will be evaluated for risk of bias, and the first 3 domains will be evaluated for applicability. The processing of the quality assessment will be performed utilizing RevMan 5.3 software (Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark).

Statistical analysis
The present meta-analysis will be conducted by Stata 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). All statistical analyses will be performed by 1 investigator, who has experience in performing meta-analysis. The summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio with corresponding 95% confidence intervals will be calculated using a bivariate random effect model in the present analysis, which indicate the accuracy of ARFI in the diagnosis of renal masses. Meanwhile, the summary receiver operator curve will be constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) will be calculated. An AUC close to 0.5 shows a poor test, while an AUC of 1.0 demonstrates an excellent diagnostic test. [21] We will be applying the spearman correlation analysis to determine whether a threshold effect is present, with P < .05 representing a threshold effect. The Cochrane Q test and the inconsistency index (I 2 ) will be used to assess the heterogeneity among different studies with a P-value <0.1 or I 2 > 50% considered significant for heterogeneity. [22] Metaregression analyses utilizing several covariates will be carried out to investigate the potential causes of heterogeneity. Table 1 Search strategy applied in PubMed.

Number
Search terms

Ethics and dissemination
This study does not need ethical approval because it will not analyze individual patient data. The results of this study will be submitted on a peer-reviewed journal.

Discussion
We will systematically and comprehensively search more electronic databases and other literature sources to avoid missing potential studies. Two independent investigators will conduct study selection, data extraction and study quality assessment. Any discrepancies will be resolved via discussion with the senior author. The study quality will be evaluated by using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. To our knowledge, no studies have comprehensively evaluated the literature on renal masses diagnosis by using ARFI. Hence, we will carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize the diagnostic accuracy of ARFI for renal masses.