Effect of subcutaneous needling on visual analogue scale, IgG and IgM in patients with lumbar disc herniation

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Introduction
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) results from a pathological change, with lumbar leg pain as the principal symptom, caused by the degeneration of a lumbar intervertebral disc, partial or complete rupture of the annulus fibrosus because of applied external force, outward protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, and cartilage endplate alone or together with stimulation or compression of the nerve root. [1][2][3] Approximately 9% of the individuals globally have suffered from LDH, and as the population ages, this proportion is likely to increase. [4] The cost of surgical treatment of LDH is approximately 27,000 US dollars, but there are multiple adverse reactions and complications. [5] This factor deters many patients. Clinical experiments [6][7][8][9][10] indicate that acupuncture and Fu's subcutaneous needling (FSN), and especially the latter (Fig. 1) represent the potential treatment for LDH. FSN consists of the needle holder, hose sleeve, and solid stainless steel needle core with sufficient hardness. FSN therapies are a combination of "Traditional Chinese acupuncture medicine" and "modern medicine". Its therapeutic target is the tender point, namely the myofascial trigger point [11] (MTrP), a key CY and JY contributed equally to this work and are co-first authors. factor that causes pain in more than 93% of patients and the only cause of pain in 85%. [12,13] An FSN therapy is a method of sweeping and dispersing using disposable FSN needles to swing left and right after horizontally inserting the needle around an MTrP or the subcutaneous tissue of adjacent limbs, thus achieving analgesia. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and preliminary results of using floating needle therapy for LDH patients.

Study design
The present study is a single-blind, randomized controlled clinical study that applies the ethical principles of China's Ministry of

Participants
The following eligibility criteria apply to all patients for recruitment into the study. Patients will be recruited through the acupuncture clinic of Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. After oral explanation and reading of the procedures used in the study, patients agreeing to participate will sign an informed consent form.
Inclusion criteria: Aged between 20 and 75 years; Fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for LDH published by the North American Spinal Surgery Association [14] in 2013 (manual muscle testing, sensory testing, supine straight leg raise test, Lasegue sign and crossed Lasegue sign are all considered diagnosable); Those unconcerned about FSN or acupuncture treatment; Willing to enter the clinical trial and provide signed informed consent.
Exclusion criteria: Compression fracture or tuberculosis found at the lesion site; Horsetail nerve damage syndrome leading to saddle paralysis, defecation, weakness of micturition, urinary retention and urinary incontinence, and absolute surgical indications; Skin infection, ulcers, scars, or tumors that cannot be punctured; Coagulation dysfunction; Severe arrhythmia, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, an endocrine disease, epilepsy, or mental illness; Patients with infectious diseases, acute inflammation, fever, or pregnant women; Combined medication or participation in other trials during treatment. , and Ashi acupuncture points (irregular). The treatment cycle selected for this study was 3 weeks, usually once per day for the first 3 days, then 2 days apart, for a total of 12 occasions.

Sample size calculation
In order to determine the number of participants required for each experimental group, the variability of results in a previously published article [7] was used in the calculation. The main results of the two studies were obtained under similar circumstances. The sample size required for an unpaired t test was 60 individuals, including 32 in the FSN group and 28 in the acupuncture group. The calculation was performed using a significance level of .05 (i.e., 5% of type I errors, resulting in a 95% confidence interval) and an absolute error of 5%. Considering a dropout rate of 10%, 80 patients are required to generate 80% of the power, at a significance level of .05. [15]

Randomization and allocation concealment
In the present study, the 80 recruited patients were divided into FSN and acupuncture groups at a ratio of 1:1. A statistical expert not involved in the design of the study used R Package v3.4.4 to generate a set of random sequences, to be sealed in opaque envelopes prepared in advance. Only FSN and acupuncture practitioners were authorized to open the envelopes to obtain each grouping code.

Single-blinding
FSN and acupuncture practitioners were not provided details of treatment plans or grouping information within the envelope in advance. No participant or relevant medical personnel was authorized to interfere with individual treatment selections. Evaluators are blinded to the treatment each patient has received, their function being to assist each patient in completion of the various questionnaires and scoring the respective scales. It is intended that the independent biostatisticians are also blinded when conducting the statistical analysis.

Discontinuation criteria
Any serious adverse reactions or other acute or severe event during the study, preventing continued participation in the study; Subjects requesting to withdraw from the study midway; Patients not cooperating with the treatment plan, preventing valid treatment execution even after repeated explanation by the clinician. Results of those exceeding half of the total course of treatment available for inclusion in the statistical analysis of treatments.
2.8. Outcomes 2.8.1. Primary outcomes 2.8.1.1. VAS [16] . Patients were marked on a 100-mm visual analogue scale prior to and 3 weeks following treatment for assessment of their pain level (from no pain to very severe), which was then recorded by the evaluator.
2.8.1.2. JOA Score [17] . Clinical symptoms and difficulty in performing tasks of daily living were evaluated according to the therapeutic effects evaluation standard of the Japanese Orthopedics Association (JOA) for lumbago. All scores before and 3 weeks after treatment were recorded and total scores calculated, in accordance with JOA's score for lumbago and leg pain severity. [18] . Prior to and 3 weeks following treatment, the Oswestry disability index (ODI) of each patient was recorded, principally referring to pain (degree of pain, impact of pain on sleep), single functions (lifting/carrying, sitting, standing, walking) and individual comprehensive functions (daily self-care capability, social activities, travel).

Secondary outcomes.
Autoimmune theory has been proposed as a factor responsible for immune events due to the special anatomical structure of the intervertebral disc. The existence of the nucleus pulposus as an isolation antigen, once exposed to the immune system, may be recognized as a non-self component, leading to stimulation of an immune response resulting in chronic inflammation, eventually resulting in lumbar and leg pain. [19][20][21] Furthermore, studies have established that the elevated levels of IgG and IgM in serum are positively correlated www.md-journal.com with the severity of lumbago and leg pain. [22] Therefore, IgG and IgM immune function measurements before and 3 weeks after treatment are important parameters for detection of treatment effects and adverse reactions during treatment and will be recorded.

Complications and adverse events during and after treatment
All expected and unexpected adverse events will be recorded during practitioner contact time throughout the study. Adverse events related to FSN and acupuncture are commonly hematoma and syncope during treatment. All serious adverse events will be immediately reported to the study contact in order to further investigate the cause.

Data management
After data collection is completed, all data will be recorded independently by two trained research assistants using paper case report forms (CRFs). Since, acupuncture and FSN are known to have minimal risk, a formal data monitoring committee is not required. Independent investigators employed by the hospital will regularly monitor and review the experimental data.

Statistical analysis
Since FSN and acupuncture are known to have only minimal risk, implementation of additional safety precautions is not required. Sensitivity analysis will be conducted to determine the impact of incomplete records on the results. Missing data will not be estimated. Statistical analysis will be performed using R package v3.4.4 software. If a Shapiro-Wilk test indicates that the data are normally distributed, a t test is appropriate for calculation and comparison of differences between two groups, otherwise a Mann-Whitney U test is suitable. A x 2 or Fisher exact test is relevant for calculation of differences in count data.

Ethics and dissemination
Patients and the public were not involved in the design of this study. The participants will be informed of the result of this study during the follow-up visit. Besides, we will enlist their help in disseminating the research findings.

Results
The results of this trial will be published on the website of the China Clinical Trial Registration Center and in peer-reviewed journals or academic conferences.

Discussion
It has been established that conservative treatment, especially FSN, is effective in relieving LDH pain symptoms and promoting functional recovery. In the era of opioid abuse and excessive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve lumbago and leg pain symptoms, floating needle therapy has good prospects for the non-surgical relief of such patient incapacity. At present, the theory explaining the analgesic mechanisms of floating needle treatments are thought to mainly involve loose connective tissues [23] with special structures representing the material basis for its effectiveness. Subcutaneous loose connective tissues in a liquid crystal state exhibit piezoelectric and anti-piezoelectric effects. When floating needles are used, especially when performing a sweeping action, the spatial configuration of the loose connective tissue in its liquid crystal state changes and bioelectricity is released. Loose connective tissue has excellent conductivity and can conduct bioelectricity with high efficiency. When the bioelectricity reaches an MTrP, it produces an antipiezoelectric effect, changes cellular ion channel, mobilizes the internal disease resistance mechanisms, thus relieving pain rapidly. There is also a doubtful nerve theory, [24] which suggests that FSN therapeutics stimulate pain-transmitting nerves, which can block the conduction of pain-sensing fibers in those nerves and inhibit the nociceptive stimulation reaction of spinal dorsal horn cells, thus achieving an analgesic effect.
There are a number of limitations to the present study. Firstly, there may be differences in patient gender, age, lumbar spine segments manifesting disease, prominence, etc, so sub-group analysis may be required to judge the effectiveness of FSN for different sub-groups. Secondly, because VAS, JOA Score, ODI, and other indicators are subjective, the educational level of patients and their cognitive ability may influence the results, biasing the outcome indicators. Finally, this study was conducted in China, and the subjects were mostly Chinese. Whether FSN is effective for other races requires confirmation using a multi-center study in the future.