Abstract
Objective:Both Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) seropositivity and metabolic syndrome (MeS) have been identified as risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the association between Cp seropositivity and MeS has not been extensively studied.Background:We recruited participants from Taiwanese adults who received an annual health examination at a medical facility. We measured anti-Cp IgG antibodies (Cp-IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and defined Cp-IgG seropositivity using 20 RU/mL as the cutoff point.Results:In the 3633 study participants, the overall Cp-IgG seropositive rate was 45.5%. Male gender, older age, white collar jobs, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were associated with a higher Cp-IgG seropositive rate (P<0.05). Participants with MeS had a higher Cp-IgG seropositive rate (62.8% vs. 37.2%, P <0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that positive Cp-IgG (odds ratio [OR]=1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–1.9), male gender (OR=5.0, 95% CI: 3.3–7.6) and older age(OR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.1–6.1 for age ≥ 40 years old) were independent predictors for MeS.Conclusion:There is a positive association between Cp seropositivity and MeS, which supports the role of infection in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CVD.
This content is limited to qualifying members.
If you have an existing account please login now to access this article or view purchase options.
Create a free account, then purchase this article to download or access it online for 24 hours.
Create a free account, then purchase a subscription to get complete access to all articles for a full year.
References
References1.Ross R. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115–126.RossRAtherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease.N Engl J Med1999340115-1262.Kontula K, Vuorio A, Turtola H, et al. Association of seropositivity for Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary artery disease in molecularly defined heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet 1999;354:46–47.KontulaK]]VuorioA]]TurtolaH&etal;Association of seropositivity for Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary artery disease in molecularly defined heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.Lancet199935446-473.Laurila A, Bloigu A, Näyhä S, et al. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with a serum lipid profile known to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2910–2913.LaurilaA]]BloiguA]]NäyhäS&etal;Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with a serum lipid profile known to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol1997172910-29134.Murray LJ, O’Reilly DP, Ong GM, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. Heart 1999;81:239–244.MurrayLJ]]O’ReillyDP]]OngGM&etal;Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile.Heart199981239-2445.Kalayoglu MV, Libby P, Byrne GI. Chlamydia pneumoniae as an emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2002;288:2724–2731.KalayogluMV]]LibbyP]]ByrneGIChlamydia pneumoniae as an emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease.JAMA20022882724-27316.Orfila JJ. Seroepidemiological evidence for an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1998;140 (suppl 1):S11–S15.OrfilaJJSeroepidemiological evidence for an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis1998140S11-S157.Kerttula Y, Weber T. Serum lipids in pneumonia of different aetiology. Ann Clin Res 1988;20:184–188.KerttulaY]]WeberTSerum lipids in pneumonia of different aetiology.Ann Clin Res198820184-1888.Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486–2497.&NA;Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III).JAMA20012852486-24979.Nabipour I, Vahdat K, Jafari SM, et al. The association of metabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006;5:25–29.NabipourI]]VahdatK]]JafariSM&etal;The association of metabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study.Cardiovasc Diabetol2006525-2910.Leinonen M, Saikku P. Interaction of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with other risk factors of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 1999;138:S504–S506.LeinonenM]]SaikkuPInteraction of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with other risk factors of atherosclerosis.Am Heart J1999138S504-S50611.Vahdat K, Jafari SM, Pazoki R, et al. Concurrent increased high sensitivity C-reactive protein and chronic infections are associated with coronary artery disease: a population-based study. Indian J Med Sci 2007;61:135–143.VahdatK]]JafariSM]]PazokiR&etal;Concurrent increased high sensitivity C-reactive protein and chronic infections are associated with coronary artery disease: a population-based study.Indian J Med Sci200761135-14312.Lin TM, Kuo CC, Chen WJ, et al. Seroprevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Taiwan. J Infect 2004;48:91–95.LinTM]]KuoCC]]ChenWJ&etal;Seroprevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Taiwan.J Infect20044891-9513.Karvonen M, Tuomilehto J, Pitkäniemi J, et al. Importance of smoking for Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Int J Epidemiol 1994;23:1315–1321.KarvonenM]]TuomilehtoJ]]PitkäniemiJ&etal;Importance of smoking for Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity.Int J Epidemiol1994231315-132114.Laurila A, Bloigu A, Näyhä S, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies and serum lipids in Finnish men: crosssectional study. BMJ 1997;314:1456–1457.LaurilaA]]BloiguA]]NäyhäS&etal;Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies and serum lipids in Finnish men: crosssectional study.BMJ19973141456-145715.Beisel WR. Metabolic response to infection. Annu Rev Med 1975;26:9–20.BeiselWRMetabolic response to infection.Annu Rev Med1975269-2016.Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin and interferon induced changes in lipid metabolism as part of defence. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200:224–227.GrunfeldC]]FeingoldKRTumor necrosis factor, interleukin and interferon induced changes in lipid metabolism as part of defence.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1992200224-22717.Gallin JI, Kaye D, O’Leary WM. Serum lipids in infection. N Engl J Med 1969;281:1081–1086.GallinJI]]KayeD]]O’LearyWMSerum lipids in infection.N Engl J Med19692811081-108618.Cabana VG, Siegel JN, Sabesin SM. Effect of the acute phase response on the concentration and density distribution of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1989;30:39–49.CabanaVG]]SiegelJN]]SabesinSMEffect of the acute phase response on the concentration and density distribution of plasma lipids and lipoproteins.J Lipid Res19893039-4919.Kaukoranta-Tolvanen SS, Teppo AM, Laitinen K, et al. Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induction of a cytokine response. Microb Pathog 1996;21:215–221.Kaukoranta-TolvanenSS]]TeppoAM]]LaitinenK&etal;Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induction of a cytokine response.Microb Pathog199621215-22120.Cook PJ, Lip GY, Davies P, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in severe essential hypertension. Hypertension 1998;31:589–594.CookPJ]]LipGY]]DaviesP&etal;Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in severe essential hypertension.Hypertension199831589-594
