Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
ArticlesA Principal Components Analysis of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
Section snippets
Sample
The principal components analysis used ADIs and ADI-Rs of 292 individuals with autism. Ninety ADIs were from the Baltimore Family Study (Piven et al., 1991, Piven et al., 1994), 107 ADI-Rs were from the New England families of the Collaborative Linkage Study of Autism (CLSA) (e.g., Barrett et al., 1999; CLSA, 2001; Nurmi et al., 2001; and others), and 95 ADI-Rs were purchased from the Autism Genetic Research Exchange (AGRE) database. All cases had a clinical diagnosis of an autism spectrum
Factor Loading and Constructs
Factor I includes a variety of items pertaining to speech behaviors (Table 2). Four of the items in this factor are included in the Communication section in the ADI-R algorithm, but the factor did not include any aspects of language that could be construed as having social communicative intent. Thus we labeled it Spoken Language rather than Communication. Verbal Rituals loaded on this factor, rather than in the Compulsions factor, even though verbal rituals are often compulsive. Its R2 with the
DISCUSSION
In a principal components analysis of items common to the original ADI and its revised version, the ADI-R, six factors were constructed that contain items with good internal consistency and thus form scales, with good face validity, discriminant validity, and construct validity. Our primary goal was to “dissect” the autism phenotype into genetically relevant components. The sib-sib correlations are highly significant for five of the six factors, suggesting that they are appropriate for use in
REFERENCES (31)
- et al.
Evidence for a language quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7q in multiplex autism families
Am J Hum Genet
(2002) - et al.
A major susceptibility locus for specific language impairment is located on 13q21
Am J Hum Genet
(2002) - et al.
Evidence for a susceptibility gene for autism on chromosome 2 and for genetic heterogeneity
Am J Hum Genet
(2001) - et al.
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1997) - et al.
Linkage disequilibrium at the Angelman syndrome gene UBE3A in autism families
Genomics
(2001) - et al.
Psychiatric disorders in the parents of autistic individuals
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1991) - et al.
Quantifying dimensions in autism: a factor-analytic study
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2002) - et al.
A dimensional classification of autism spectrum disorder by social communication domains
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1998) - et al.
An autosomal genomic screen for autism. Collaborative linkage study of autism
Am J Med Genet
(1999) Incorporating language phenotypes strengthens evidence of linkage to autism
Am J Med Genet
(2001)
A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder, II: Parental characteristics
Br J Psychiatry
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
Predictors of cognitive test patterns in autism families
J Child Psychol Psychiatry
Modern Factor Analysis
Cited by (124)
Increased rate of listening difficulties in autistic children
2022, Journal of Communication DisordersEarly identification and diagnosis of autism
2022, The Neuroscience of AutismIndices of repetitive behaviour are correlated with patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity in youth with autism spectrum disorder
2018, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :Indeed, use of ADI-R repetitive behaviour subscores has greatly aided in the discovery of important findings in the field of neuroimaging in ASD (Hardan et al., 2006; Hollander et al., 2005; Langen et al., 2013; Mosconi et al., 2009; Qui et al., 2016; Sears et al., 1999), and has been the most commonly used measure of repetitive behaviour in the ASD literature. Despite the statistical limitations that would have precluded the use of ADI-R scores in the current analysis, work by Tadevosyan-Leyfer et al. (2003) has shown that individual repetitive behaviour items on the ADI-R may be used as proxies to continuously distributed measures of repetitive behaviour. As such, future work may compare associations found between resting-state functional connectivity and scores on both the ADI-R and RBS-R. Given the complex presentation and etiology of repetitive behaviours in ASD, many approaches to the neurobiological profiling of symptoms are necessary.
Principal components derived from CSF inflammatory profiles predict outcome in survivors after severe traumatic brain injury
2016, Brain, Behavior, and ImmunityThe underlying symptom structure of autism spectrum disorders: A factor analytic approach using the developmental, dimensional and diagnostic interview
2015, Research in Autism Spectrum DisordersCitation Excerpt :Even for studies using the same instrument, different results may arise because some authors use all the items in the analysis whereas others only use a subset of items, or because some use individual items whereas others use subscale scores. Factor analysis on the ADI-R using individual items (Bölte & Poustka, 2001; Constantino et al., 2004; Lecavalier et al., 2006; Tadevosyan-Leyfer et al., 2003) generally results in a factor structure with more factors than factor analysis using subscale scores, computed from the individual item scores (Frazier et al., 2008; Georgiades et al., 2007; van Lang et al., 2006). Likewise, it should be noted that the way subscales are conceptualised and computed from the individual items is often not empirically supported by factor analytic studies.
Analysis of RBFOX1 gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines of Italian discordant autism spectrum disorders sib-pairs
2014, Molecular and Cellular Probes
Tadevosyan-Leyfer and Dowd contributed equally to this paper.
This work was supported by grant MH55135 to Dr. Folstein and PO1DC03610 to Dr. Tager-Flusberg.