Comparative research of orderliness dinamics of road safety systems in the volga federal district and the Russian Federation

This article considers the issues of dynamics of road safety provision systems in three multiscaled systems (Russia, Volga Federal District or VFD and separate subjects of VFD). The indicator of relative information entropy Hn of road safety provision process was taken as the characteristic of system orderliness. The ideology, methodics and results of quantitative assessment of road safety provision systems information entropy H were considered. Time series of modification of relative information entropy Hn of road safety provision systems in 2004…2018 in Russia, Volga Federal District and individual subjects of VFD were presented. Special attention was paid to consideration of the researched process in the Orenburg region and Samara region. This regions is characterized by non-standard, different from general trend dynamics of information entropy H of road safety provision system. The general conclusion of the article is that during last 15 years information entropy of road safety provision systems significantly decreased, i.e. orderliness of formation process of road traffic participants safety greatly increased. However, results achieved in this sphere by VFD regions are still far from best world results.


Introduction
Management -transfer of manageable system from current state to desirable (i.e. complex of works on practical implementation of image of the future). During management activities structural and technological orderliness of system and its functioning process increases [1]. In other words, any management activity is intended to fight with entropy -process of growth of uncontrolled chaos in system. Quality of management can be accurately measured by evaluation of system entropy and dynamics of its decline.
State of any transport-technological system is described by enormous set of different characteristics that can be classified by various features (efficiency, quality of functioning, development speed, etc.) [2,3]. While managing the system, it is necessary to control dozens of traffic parameters and adjust production process in time. It is a complex task. That is the reason of strict regulation of road traffic  2 participants behavior (with the aim of formation of optimal low-entropy system state). It is supposed that such regulation will decrease the degree of chaos in transport-technological system and increase its reliability. For that purpose, system of restrictions imposed on participants of transport process -road traffic rules -has been widely used worldwide for a long time. Increasing of road safety is expressed in development of complex traffic light regulations and initiation of freedom limitation of road traffic participants.
Specifics of transport-technological systems consist in their non-stationarity, continuous variability and not full controllability. In this connection transport management is one of the most difficult types of management activities, entropy in transport systems is quite large. One of the most demonstrative examples of transport systems' entropy is traffic accident rate that is presented only in negative way despite laws of dialectics. According to the estimations of World Health Organization [4] annually in the result of road accidents nearly 1,35 mln. people die, more than 30 mln. people get injured, economic loss because of road accident rate makes $ 550 bln.

Formulation of the problem
Management by objectives is used for control of large systems. The distinctive feature of this method is clear understanding of cause-effect relationships, formulation of goals and development of constrained environment for management. Particularly in Russia such approach was formulated in the Target Federal Programme on road safety (for a period of 2013…2020) [5] and moved to the Strategy of road safety [6].
But these documents only declare general directions of road safety development and don't formalize peculiar methods of solving designated problems. There is a variety of instruments that can provide road safety, they can be both engineering and juridical. Efficiency of their usage can be different in various regions of the Russian Federation. It can be explained by national and social-economical specifics of regions. In this connection state of road safety differently forms in each region. And still there is no tool for measurement the degree of road safety system orderliness.
Taken analysis of this issue [1] showed that one of the most efficient instrument of evaluation of the system state from the position of orderliness or forwardness to opposition to negative impact of chaos is assessment of entropy.
This article presents ideology, method of quantitative assessment of information entropy in the road safety provision sphere and results of assessment of dynamics of relative entropy of road safety provision systems in regions of Volga Federal District.

Main concepts and definitions
Fundamental concepts of this article are Orderliness and Information entropy. It is necessary to formulate their definitions.
Orderliness -system property, identifying the result of implementation of set of rules and forbiddances that structure system and limit its modifications [7]. Orderliness is an antonym to chaos. Applied to road safety provision processes, orderliness decreases freedom of actions of road traffic participants and at the same time probability of violation or road traffic rules. That automatically leads to decline of probability of road accidents formation and enhancement of final road accidents statistics.
Information entropy -measure of uncertainty (disorganization) of system state [8]. The concept of information entropy, introduced by C.E. Shannon in his paper «A Mathematical Theory of Communication» [9], is a probability of some event. The less the probability of event, the more information it includes [1]. Applied to the assessment of orderliness of road safety provision processes, it means that if information entropy is low, then organizers of transport and technological process can guarantee safe functioning of the system. In the conditions of high uncertainty of system state, we can get set of possible outcomes, including undesirable (road accidents and their consequences).
Values of Hn varies in range from 0 to 1, where 1 means total disorganization or process, while 0 indicates total orderliness and absence of the chaos in system. In reality entirely ordered or disordered systems and processes don't exist. Actual range of Hn values is 0.6 (some European countries)…0.9 (some African countries) for the road safety provision sphere.
5. Initial data and results of calculation of relative entropy Hn of road safety provision systems in Russia and Volga Federal District As mentioned above specific methods of assessment of human-technical systems orderliness were previously considered in [7,8]. This article is presenting only results of estimation of relative entropy Hn of road safety provision systems in the Russian Federation, VFD and two regions with opposite rates of entropy change (during 2004…2018).
Tables 1…4 show initial data [11] and results of calculation of relative entropy Hn of road safety provision systems in the Russian Federation, Volga Federal District, Orenburg region and Samara region accordingly.   Table 4. Initial data [11] that was used for analysis of road safety orderliness dynamics in the Samara region and results of calculation of relative entropy Hn.
Year 6. Estimation of dynamics of relative entropy Hn of road safety provision systems in the Russian Federation and Volga Federal District (VFD) Figure 2 shows the trend of change of relative entropy for road safety provision systems in Russia and Volga Federal District in 2004…2018.
Value of Hn decreases in both cases, therefore the degree of chaos declines in compared road safety provision systems and their orderliness increases. Processes of regulation of road safety provision system functioning in Russia and VFD proceeds in parallel ( Figure 2). But in such big system as Russia the proceeding is smoother than in VFD where the process of entropy decline is characterized by greater oscillation amplitude. Figure 3 shows the trend of change of relative entropy for road safety provision systems in the VFD regions in 2004…2018.
Analysis of Figure 3 allows to understand that, despite regional specifics, practically in all regions level of road safety provision system orderliness increases, because relative entropy Hn of road safety formation processes persistently decreases.   Table 5 shows the trend of change of relative entropy Hn for road safety provision systems in the VFD regions in 2004…2018.    -0,0034 0,620 Analysis of quantitative values of parameter b of model Hn = a -b(Years) specific for different VFD regions allows to make conclusion about specifics of dynamics of growth of orderliness of regional road safety provision systems.