CuO nano particles synthesized via the mechanichanical method starting with solids state chemichal reactions.

Copper oxide nanoparticles have been prepared by the reductions of cupper salts in the solid sodium hydroxid in the presence of salisylic acid as a catalyst and NaOH as asstabilizing. The prepared nano particles were charecterized using. FT–IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, and scanning electron microscope, the synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles, have sizes in the range of (5-31)nm and layer thikness 6-9nm depending on the starting materials ( cupper salts).


Introduction
Copper oxide nanoparticles is prepared by dry mechanical method using CuSO 4 .5H 2 O with salsylic acid as a precursor and NaOH as stabilizing agent. This method gives large products of the nanoparticles.In the last decade, the metals nanosize materials and metal oxide particles are intensively attracted the attensions of researchers in different fields of applications.Transition metal oxides, CuO nanoparticles are used in the applications of storage devices, solar energy transfer, super capacitors, sensors and (1-2), ( etc).
Among the oxides of transition metals, CuO nanoparticles are of special interesting one because of their applications as nanofluid. (3), Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel (4)(5) the borohydride reduction of copper nitrate salt can be used in optoelectronic devices (6), electrochemical cell (7), magnetic storage devices, gas sensors, super conductors, nanofluid and catalysts (8). The band gap of CuO nano particles around 2.6 eV. There for they can be used as solar cell window material. In this paper the CuO nanoparticles were synthesised by mechanical method(9), using CuSO 4 •5H 2 O (gm) and salisylic acid and well mixed then. of NaOH is added to the resulted sold mixture.granding the solid materials. The colour of the solution changed from sky blue to black granding then the products puted in buker with continuous stirring for 10 min. The black product was filtered and washed( 4) times with distilled water. (XRD). The size of the nanoparticles is estimated by XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourior transformation infra red (FTIR). (1) gm Cuper sulphate penta hydrate solid from (fluka), with (0.55) gm of sold salisylic acid(from BHD),were puted in porcelean morter mixed together, no reactions between the two materials till the addition of (0.415) gm of solid NaOH(from fluka). The color of the solution changed from sky blue to black, the mechanical granding during 20 min then the products puted in buker contain distilled water with continuous stirring for 10 min. The black product was filtered and washed 4 times with distilled water, dried in air for three days. Also we prepared cupper oxide nano particles from the following materials ).

Materials and Methods:
[Cu(NH 3  This method is one of the most easy and low-cost ways to reduce mineral salts by a reducing agents. In mechanical methods, the temperature of the environment increases as the reaction progresses, and as a result, the particles become larger through the progress of the reaction. Among the chemical methods recovery is the best way to prepare nanoparticles. Mechanical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the chemical changes of materials in solid situations using mechanical energy. The above definition is based on the theoretical results presented by Bacon (9) in his research the grinding is one of the most important instructions for active solid preparation. In heterogeneous ways, the reaction rate depends largely on the surface area of the solids being reacted, found that some soluble salts, when placed under mechanical pressure, lose water. It is also investigating the chemical process of silver chloride. In general, the grinding of two solid particles give new compounds, produced due to the change in the crystalline structure resulted from the application of mechanical energy. These changes are created by creating gap energy between particles forming a new levels. The formation of new surfaces leads to new order of the crystalline molecules and leads to a breakage of the bond. After this stage, the formation of new compounds is a deformation of the crystals and a series of chemical reactions occure ,with the mechanical reaction steps as follows: 1-Crushing molecules into very fine particles.

Results and discutions:
The CuO nanoparticles were characterized by studying their structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The size of the nanoparticles is estimated by XRD, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourior transformation infra red (FTIR).FT-IR spectrum which is

FTIR
shown in Figure 1 confirms the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. The existence of absorption peaks at wavenumbers of more than 600 cm −1 in the sample indicated that the covalent bonds existence from organic sources from salisylic acid. The absorption peaks at wavenumbers 3428, 2917, and 1652 cm −1 coresponding to N-H, C-H, and C=O stretching vibrations, respectively Furthermore, the absorption peak appeared at 1428 cm −1 refer to the vibration caused by C-H bending in the methylene group in the salsylic acid, while the band at 1272 cm −1 was related to C-N stretching vibration. Ultimately, the bands containing peaks at 836 and 631 cm −1 were attributed to NO 3 − groups  (14)(15)(16) there is no differents in the FTIR spectrums with the used prcusor startng materials. The CuO nanoparticles were characterized by studying their structure by X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out using Analytical x-ray diffractometer and surface morphology of the samples has been studied using scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSMS 800-V). Compositional analysis of the samples has been studied using energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (JEOL Model JED -2300) ones  Figure 3 shows that the sample has a crystalline structure. The XRD patterns reveal two main peaks at 2θ = 36.1° and 2θ = 39° that can be ascribed to the (−111) and (111) plan diffractions of the CuO phase (12) . The average crystallite size of the nanolayer of CuO is about 6.0 nm calculated by using Debye-Scherrer formula. The lattice constant of the unit cell is a= 4.6965 Ǻ, b = 3.4324 Ǻ and c = 5.1329 Ǻ, β = 99.5287° (11). It was found to be highly crystalline. The diffraction is in good coordination with ASTM card no. 74-1021. [17][18][19]

Scanning electron microscopy SEM:
The morphology of the CuO nano particles was cluster, the synthesized CuO are shown in the fig. 5. It is quite evident that there is no definite morphology in the sample. It seems that the particles were agglomerated and form a cluster. The morphology observed in the sample not showing any hard grains which gives the idea that the size of the particle is small (20) Fig, 5 shows SEM the morphology and the distributions of the nano particles using CuSO 4 Fig. 7 shows SEM the morphology and the distributions of the nano particles using K2 Cu(C2O4)2. 2H2O in the prepartions of CuO nano particles. Found that the particles sizes of 35% in the range of (13. 16-19.11) nm, 30% of the particles size are in the range of (19.11-25.06) nm and 15% in between (7.21-13.16)nm.

Conclusions:
Nanoparticles of CuO were produced by the mechanical method. Also, the nanolayers of CuO using the mechanical technique. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles are nanolayers were characterized by XRD spectroscopy, and SEM and FTIR techniques. It was found that the particles size rang arebetween 6-9 nm depending on the starting cupper salts at room temperature.