Community Governance and Vocational Education

Vocational education is required to create a design of education and training that is friendly and feasible for disabled people. The state has a responsibility for it, but with all the limitations, the state can not always be present. This article aims to analyze the capacity of community governance in passing vocational education for people with disabilities in Ponorogo, Indonesia. Articles are the results of research for approximately two years by using data collection techniques through interviews, documentation and observation. Source Triangulation with analysis technique using interactive model is used for data validation. The results show that there are two large capacities owned by Organisasi Sosial Rumah Kasih Sayang as community governance in conducting vocational education for the disabled person namely community credibility and community vigilance.


Introduction
Currently, 15% of the world's population are people with disabilities who live in poverty [1]. The phenomenon of poverty and disabilities is also happening in Ponorogo, Indonesia. The number of poor people in Ponorogo in the last 5 years tends to fluctuate, while in 2015 the number of the poor people in Ponorogo has increased to 12,19% [2]. It is ranked 19th among all cities in East Java Province (going up a level from the previous year). It is undeniable that poverty occurs because of some disadvantages areas, where there are many citizens with disabilities. In this case, 3 areas are highlighted: Karangpatihan, Sidoharjo, and Krebet villages, look at table 1. Initially, Sidoharjo and Krebet village were on one area, but in 2007 the government made the expansion of this region, which aimed to maximize the handling and service for person with disabilities. The phenomenon of disability in both villages has occurred since many years ago, many citizens are living in the poverty line and it has not been shown any real changes through the years. Many of them are low-educated, with farmers as their main job while the land of both villages is barren. Consequently, this causes them to have low income, with only IDR 300.000 per month. This problem should be given more attention and immediate handling by the government, especially handling for improving economic capability for example, by giving vocational education to improve people's skill; and giving knowledge or skill training as one of the efforts to improve their life quality. If this situation is not immediately addressed, then the situation will be protracted. This is government's duty as a form of their responsibility to provide the public service for citizens, including people with disability. Moreover, people with disabilities have equal rights and duties in all aspects of life and livelihood as well as other person.
This research becomes interesting because of the vocational education that should be done by government such as: the educational and training department, social department, and other departments. However, the limitations of the government have made it difficult to do so. Where many programs are provided by the government, but have not shown any change. Even many programs that do not work effectively, one of them is the posyandu for person with disabilities from public health department [3]. In order to cover the government, the vocational education program has been done by Organisasi Sosial Rumah Kasih Sayang (OSRKS). Organisasi Sosial Rumah Kasih Sayang (OSRKS) is a community of civil society that participates in public services by providing skill training for person with disability. In the study of public administration, this is known as community governance. It corresponds with the governance paradigm in the study of public administration, the institutions of governance include 3 elements (domain) which their respectives roles, that is state or government, private, and society [4]. So it means the communities/society can participate in providing public service to resolve public issues that can not be solved by other sector [5].
In the process of implementing vocational education as a form of educational service that is performed by community governance as a part of governance, they also need things that support them. However, not all these communities can do community governance. According to Innes and Booher, only a community that has the capacities can do the community governance [5]. Therefore in this article we analyze what capacity which is owned by OSRKS as a community governance, so they can provide a vocational education to person with disabilities.

Literature Review
Nowadays, study of public administration has experienced a paradigm shift from government to governance, where within this governance paradigm does not only involve one sector. Institutions of the governance paradigm include 3 elements, which are state, private and society sector [4]. The 3 sectors of the governance can participate in the administration of public administration according to their respective roles. It means that the community as a society sector can participate in the settlement of public issues that can not be solved by individuals or private and state sector [6]. Therefore, the society or the community can manage its community to participate in public problem solving or better known as community governance.
Community governance has been defined as an arena of participation which extends beyond the parish community council to embrace all activities that involve either the provision of public service within the community, or the representation of community interest to external agencies [7]. This means that as the domain of governance, the community can participate in order to fulfill the interests of the group or to solve the public issue as a form of public service.
Instead of the problems that happened in the society, only a community with capacity can do the community governance. It is an interaction that occurs in human capital, organizational resources, and social capital. Here, social capital is an effort to be able to perform collective action, there are 3 forms of social capital which consist of: bonding social capital, bridging social capital and linking social capital [4]. If the community has these capacities, it is expected to support the realization of a good community governance. Additionally, to be able to conduct community governance, it also needs to be supported with the trust of the public so the community is considered as a capable community and also must be supported by a good arrangement as a form of vigilance of the community [8]. Both of these are the dimensions of community governance. Nowadays, what citizens need the most from the public service is education, an education that can help to increase and master a skill. Furthermore, vocational education is the best choice to fulfill the requirement. It is like what UNESCO has noted that vocational education is designed to add or master a skill for someone, and help them in getting better in working field [9]. The vocational education is aimed to improve people's knowledge and competence, including people with disabilities. People with disabilities, indeed, need special attention in term of competence. By giving vocational education to them, it is expected to improve their ability to be more productive.
Furthermore, the vocational education given by OSRKS as community governance to people with disabilities is aimed to improve their knowledge and skills to be more productive.

Methods
This paper examines the capacities owned by Organisasi Sosial Rumah Kasih Sayang (OSRKS) as community governance, as they provide a vocational education for people with disabilities. This research is conducted in OSRKS Krebet Village, Jambon, Ponorogo. This research belongs to qualitative descriptive research and uses case study as its approach. Moreover, the sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling with data collection done by in-depth interview, observation, and documentation. While data validity is checked by using source triangulation with interactive technique analysis.

Results and Discussion
Rumah Kasih Sayang is a building that was established by government in 2011 in Krebet Village. This is a form of government response to the needs of people with disabilities, because many of residents around the villages have disabilities. The management is submitted to the local residents so they formed a social community or social organization, named Organisasi Sosial Rumah Kasih Sayang (OSRKS). The aim of OSRKS is to improve the service and empowerment of people with social welfare issues, including people with disabilities. Since its establishment, there have been many programs and effort undertaken OSRKS, by doing public service as a form of their participation. So what they do is complement to improve the public service by 2 other governance sectors.
There are some programs that have been run by OSRKS as a form of public service community, especially for people with disabilities. The programs are training for cadres to serve and assist people with disabilities; additional nutrition food service; providing guidance and skill training (vocational education); improving religious quality; providing health therapy; counseling about the importance of education and health, the danger of drugs, counseling of entrepreneurship and work motivation; conducting special posyandu for disabled people, teaching disabled people to be independent; and cadres self-reliance through various skill training and insights.

OSRKS as community governance
OSRKS is an independent social organization, which tries to participate in addressing existing public issues by providing public service for people with disabilities. As a community governance the decision-making process is done by deliberation to get mutual agreement, and it has the division of labor system. In addition, OSRKS also acts as a mean of exchange of information and knowledge that can be useful in achieving its goals. However, not all communities are able to carry out community governance, only communities with the capacity can do that. Then how can OSRKS provide public service like the state? This can be seen from the following points.

Capacity of OSRKS
There are 3 aspects studied in analyzing the capacity of community governance, these are human capital, organizational resources and social capital, and the capacity of the OSRKS: as the secretary of the organization and Drs. Djaenuri as treasurer who is also active in OSRKS development. SRKS is assisted by 23 social workers, which consist of 9 women and 14 men. On average, they are over 30 years old and mostly work as farmers and housewives. There are only 23% of all OSRKS cadres that have bachelor degree background, while the rest are senior high school graduates. Although not all cadres are highly educated and rich, they have high motivation and passion to guide and train people with disabilities. They also have been equipped with skills, such as processing hand-drawn batik, crops, making liquid fertilizer, farming, making catfish cultivation, doormat, sulak, plastic bags, key chains, accessories, home industries, etc. In addition, they are also equipped with knowledge for people with disabilities assistance. So that with the education of skills and abilities, they can teach the people with disabilities by doing guidance and skills training. There are 5 villages which are scouted by OSRKS, look at table 2: Until today, they are still doing skills training and mentoring activities of disabled people in Rumah Kasih Sayang building every Sunday although the number of social workers and also people with disabilities who built it decreased from the beginning of OSRKS establishment.

Organizational resources.
In addition to human resources OSRKS also requires other resources, especially money to support all operational activities such as the fulfillment of the needs of the person with disabilities, the provision of tools and training materials, etc. At first, OSRKS received regular funding support from the government, but due to limited government budget, in 2012 the support was stopped. Therefore, OSRKS is seeking other funding support from both the private sector and from government. From the private sector, it is usually in the form of goods and it is directly given to people with disabilities, while for the government sector OSRKS must submit proposals. From the proposal, the government then also provides assistance, although rarely, in the form of funds or other assistance such as skills training assistance. The government involved is from city government of Ponorogo, the provincial government and Central Government. So that, with the availability of resources of the Organization in OSRKS, it can support the operational activities of the OSRKS so it can achieve its goal.

Social capital.
Social capital from these two points before it can be said, to carry out community governance, a community can not do it alone. They need to form networks with other communities to cooperate with the collective action as the achievement of the goal. In OSRKS, there are 2 forms of social capital that are very strongly perceived which consist of: first, Bonding Social capital, OSRKS tries to keep building the cohesiveness and trust of its members. This can be seen from the attention of the OSRKS management to the social worker by having a meeting each week to provide skills training, the cadres are also given motivations so that their spirit will not recede, recreation, skills training, study production center in the village of appeal so that it can be utilized with the ability to generate extra income. And the second linking social capital, there are collaboration between the OSRKS and governance. The Government provides assistance in the form of funds or in other forms such as training assistance or relief goods. To maintain good relationship with Government, OSRKS always gives reports in the form of a written report or report in person with photo and video form when the activity takes place. So with both of these, relationships are maintained and the exchange of information between the OSRKS and government can still take place.

Dimension of community governance in OSRKS
In running the organization, OSRKS also gets support from the public, the support is in the form of public confidence to OSRKS, both the general public and people with disabilities. The trust was formed on the basis of two things, that is the first, because basically they have the same identity as locals so that they know each other and the second, because of the program of OSRKS that helps the community to improve the quality of life people with disabilities. Consequently, it can be said that the OSRKS is credible. This trust is very important, because trust can build a good relationship and support the achievement of organizational goals.
Besides that, OSRKS is also supported by the management of members by doing the division of labor system. The OSRKS is divided into several divisions which consist of education and training, counselling and spiritual, social, cultural, economic and welfare, information and communication field, the field of research and development, health and the environment, the field of logistics and infrastructure, line of business and marketing, and public relations fields in which each of these areas is managed by two or more cadres. This division of labor system is one form of organizational awareness, so that with the system of division of labor it can make easier for the chairman to control and supervise its members. Thus, the performance of the organization still runs according to its original purpose. Both of these are the most important dimensions of community governance, because without them a community will not be able to carry out community governance properly.

Discussion
Nevertheless, it turns out that in the implementation of OSRKS as a community governance there are also problems such as the inability of OSRKS' to oversee the 5 villages because of the location which is quite far and not easy to be reached. Consequently the program becomes inefficient and this inefficiency makes some members and the public believes they are not credible anymore. People assume that this is because they are not social workers who have the skills and special background to handle the person so that their spirit easily fell and for now only 50% of the initial number and while the people who scouted currently only 10% of the initial number, resulting in many unsustainable programs. And for now, OSRKS just focuses on the handling in the village of Krebet. In addition, human resource issues owned by OSRKS are also not balanced with the number of people with disabilities and are not sufficient enough to guide incidents of disability, therefore to handle the person with disabilities requires the human resources who have special abilities and skills to provide guidance for people with disabilities characterized by appropriate educational background. Other than that, it needs to be an enhancement in the skill of social workers so that with the skills possessed, there will be more variety of training and they can gain the public trust again. Another problem with budget is that the private sector has not involved yet, so the managers should encourage the private sector to better cooperate or other CSRs to get involved. The findings in this study are also a weakness which is also an input in this study. So with this input, it is expected that OSRKS to improve the performance to regain the trust from the community, so that services can effectively run.

Conclusions
From the previous discussion, it can be concluded that the community can also participate in solving public issues by conducting public services (community governance) to complement the shortcomings of both other sectors and public services, to be more effective. But the community that will do this community governance requires some capability or capacity that is owned by human resources in the organization, generated organizational resources to support the creation of the organization, and also, the need for collective action from various parties that make up the network. In this case, it can be seen that it is necessary to maintain the trust of the public and management of the organization so they remain credible to do their work, if both things are bad it will affect the sustainability of the organization or community concerned.