Urban Management of City Centers the Road to The Sustainable Development (Sustainable Land Use Management)

The urban management, municipal councils and their local committees, in addition to the laws, and regulations enacting them, play an important role in defining economic, social and environmental scenarios, and directing them towards achieving sustainable development. Sustainability in all its forms. The research seeks to identify the mechanisms and concepts of urban management in general and the management of urban land uses in city centers in particular, and how to use them optimally and achieve the best distribution of their uses in order to be sustainable and achieve sustainable development in the city center by integrating the principles of sustainability in the urban management process to become As a result, we have a vibrant sustainable center. In the theoretical framework, concepts related to the city center, its importance, characteristics, components and limits were presented. The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development were also presented, and what are its objectives, dimensions, standards, and approaches, in addition to defining the sustainable city center and its components and how, and through the theoretical framework, indicators of sustainable urban management were extracted. On the practical side, the researcher used the field surveys of the study area (the old Rusafa Center) in addition to distributing the questionnaire form to the specialists from the planning and executive departments of the study area to show the extent of their agreement and disagreement about the extent of the application of sustainable urban management indicators within the context of the work of the current urban management system. The results of the research showed a shortcoming in the adoption of the principles of sustainability within the context of the work of the current urban management, as the results of the questionnaire showed the non-conformity of most of the indicators that were applied to the current urban management system.


1.Introduction :
Land-use changes have received major attention within the global environmental change debate, Major reasons for this renewed interest are the threats imposed by climate change, deforestation, desertification and in general the loss of biodiversity. In this context, sustainable land use has become an important analytical and policy issue. The challenges posed by land use degradation due to faltering methods of land management and its dire consequences on all economic and social activities and on the land in the future cause pressure on the shoulders of the higher regulatory authorities, which IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961 (2022) 012090 IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012090 2 should be interested and focus on this area and implements an effective framework for the review of land use and management, how crucial not only at the national level but also across the world.This alarming situation undermines the policies and models of land planning and land management that are currently implemented and which are based on the overexploitation of resources and on methods that have little concern about ecological balances.Therefore, the proper management of the land, with all its properties and components, is essential for a better rationalization of its use. However, issues related to land use are often complex and require a high degree of understanding of the ecological balance. The structure of political decision making should be organized to facilitate an integrated approach of land use management. Thus, it is important to understand the dimensions and impacts of land use management as a model with regard to rights, constraints and responsibilities. relating to the Earth Therefore, sustainable land-use management requires sound policy and planning, based on knowledge of these uses, the uses for which they are allocated and on the interactions between land uses and intended use. Accordingly, Sustainable Land Use Management (SLM) is acquainted with to be define as a knowledge-build on action that assists integrate biodiversity, water, land and environmental management (including external outputs and inputs) to meet rising food and fiber demands while sustaining ecosystem services and livelihoods. SLM is necessary to meet the requirements of a growing population. Improper land management can lead to land degradation and a significant reduction in the productive and service functions.

The problem
Failure to introduce the principle of management for sustainability in the management of land use in city centers has led to increased pressures on land use, and this is exacerbated by the weak ability of traditional and local government systems to maintain harmony in use, which, in turn, leads to poorer levels of sustainable use. For development lands and the lack of sustainable development in the city.
▸ Goal : 1-Clarify some of the mechanisms and important ways in the process of managing land uses in the city, in order to sustain it and achieve the best distribution of its uses, in order to achieve sustainable development in the city. 2-Interest in introducing the concept of sustainability in all its dimensions (economic, social and environmental) within the policies, programs and projects related to planning and managing land uses within the city. 3-Provide information on land use/land management issues that can be reviewed and include examples and case studies of best practices in this field.

Hypothesis
Sustainable city development cannot be achieved without sustainable urban management The theoretical aspect City center The city center has a special importance for societies and nations, as it is the economic engine for them for a long period of time, and it is "the main center for administration, business, entertainment and culture for the city as a whole" (Allam, 1991, p. 387). The city center does not differ in meaning and content from the concept of the city center (Down Town), which is the focus of civil life. Ernst Burgess called this area the commercial heart of the city (Retail Down Town), as it includes 3 departments of shops, stores, offices, banks, clubs, hotels, museums and theaters. And those responsible for the economy and political life, as described by the researcher (Yeates.M) as "an area where land prices are rising, and it is characterized by a high concentration of shops, service offices, theaters and hotels, and this area is the focus of traffic density in the city" (Yeates, 1980, P334). It means the geographical center or the city center, and its meaning varies from one society to another in the general public, as its concept is not fixed among the peoples. American cities are relatively modern, they differ from the cities of Europe, some of which date back to the beginning of the Middle Ages or may go back to the beginning of Gregorian history, such as the city of "London" or to the first centuries of it, such as the city of "Paris", so the concept of "Downtown" is used in America in the sense of the center The historic "Historic Center", especially in small cities, is synonymous with the concept of "City Core", which is also used by the general public in America in some of its major cities, as in (Washington) meaning the business area in the city, which is the most widely used concept. It is also used in Other American cities and many countries of the world in the sense of the commercial center, meaning that its concept is variable, but it is not used often in Britain, and the concept of "Downtown" is also used to express the modern center that applies to the old city or its historical heart, such as the city of "Paris" and others From cities as it is used for modern city centers separated from its heart or its old city (the same source as the previous pg. 24).

4.Urban Management:
Management in general can be defined as (achieving the desired goals in an efficient and effective manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling resources) (Davidson, 1997, P33). As it is clear from the above definition that management includes two basic ideas, namely that management has certain functions (planning, organization, command and control) and the second is that management aims to achieve a goal or objectives using efficient and effective methods, and in the field of urban management of cities, a distinction must be made between the two terms of traditional management ), which means (enterprise management) and the term scientific management (Management), which means management related to planning. Kenneth Davey, K. thinks that "urban management is related to the , programs, plans, practices and policies that sound to ensure that the growth of population is to correspond by access to basic shelter , employment, and infrastructure. Whereas such access will adopt as much, if not more, on private initiatives and enterprise, these are critically affected by public sector policies and functions that only government can perform." Meine Pieter Van Dijk (2006: 56) offers a relatively broad definition: "urban management is an effort to coordinate and integrate public as well as private actions to tackle the major issues the inhabitants of the cities are facing, to make a more competitive, equitable and sustainable city." (Van Dijk, M. P., 2006, p56). Ilaria Bramezza also defined the term urban management as "the co-ordinated development and execution of comprehensive strategies with the participation and involvement of all relevant urban actors, in order to identify, create and exploit potentials for the sustainable development of the city." Bramezza, I., 1996, p 34). Urban management is intended to organize the making and implementation of urban development policies at the level of urban areas, and the essential meaning of urban management is to play an effective part in developing and coordinating resources to implement urban development goals. (Hashem, Ahmed El-Sayed Mohamed, Partnership with the Private Sector in Managing Infrastructure Projects as an Element of Good Urban Management, Conference on Securing Tenure -Good Urban Management Two Axes to Achieving Social Justice in the City, Part Two of Research Book / General Authority for Urban Planning, Cairo, April, 2001) Urban management can also be defined as a set of public policies that are developed and applied at the local or regional level, and that address a wide range of issues, (land use, transportation, housing, development or renewal of urban areas, environmental protection, waste management, etc.

5.Urban Land Use Management:
The management of urban lands in recent times is one of the most prominent areas of planning, due to the importance and vitality of lands as a non-renewable resource that is always threatened with exhaustion, and also because the land is linked to all aspects of development processes in cities, as the land is the base of every development project in any city, and the concept of land use management is A comprehensive concept of activities that aim to meet the development goals by employing the potential and resources available to the lands, for the purpose of achieving the optimal use of the land and developing it through providing it with services and infrastructure. Land has an economic character in that it has a derived nature: from people activity (such as investment , consumption ,production, and, entertainment, etc.) it that requires for its operation the use of geographical space, which has no value in itself (except for capital assets), and economic activities are presented to the geographer In various guises, according to the economic functions involved (such as housing, utilities, infrastructure, agriculture, green spaces, etc.), and for this spatial determination r directly observe the environmental quality conditions of an area, where there are generally spatially distinct, and therefore conflicting, possibilities for land use (Peter , 1998, p. 1). Land use management can be defined as "a set of mechanisms and programs aimed at preparing the land for urban uses when needed, according to time programs that are compatible with civilized development. A set of criteria aimed at achieving and applying objectives or legal rules set by the administrative authority, and these objectives and criteria affect the social and economic structure of the city and the level of development in it" (Mohsen, 2002, p. 14).

6.Sustainability Concept:
The concept of sustainability is one of the most prominent modern concepts concerned with the earth, and it emerged within the development trends clearly in the second half of the twentieth century, and with the beginning of the twenty-first century it began to impose itself in new and powerful forms, and the declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 The first international document related to coexistence with the environment and development, and this declaration was the first agreement to prepare guidelines for countries aimed at transitioning to more sustainable human environments (economic, social, and environmental). The term sustainability appeared for the first time in the United Nations in the United Nations Conference in 1980 In a document entitled "Strategy of Global Conservation", and in 1987 AD another UN document entitled "Our Common Future" crystallized the term "sustainable development", i.e. seven years later, which gained wide international acceptance, and that was through the "Brundtland Committee in relation to the Smitriyet" Ministers in Norway "Kro Harlem Brundtland, which was previously called the "World Committee for Environment and Development" (Al-Baridi, 2015, p. 42). Then came the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, in which 178 countries participated, and from that conference a global plan of action for sustainability emerged within the Agenda 21. The document identified the basic measures that governments must adopt as sustainable strategies to include the city, and the society at this summit adopted the term sustainable development, and in 1996 the Habitat II agenda focused on how to achieve sustainable cities in the world (Al-Labadi, 2015, p. 31). By the year 2000, the United Nations became aware of the need to adopt new strategies through directives with the assistance of local authorities in order to achieve sustainable development, and in 2002 the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg, where it was agreed that partnerships are an essential element in achieving progress. sustainability. (Rauscher, & Momtaz, 2015, p6). In 2012, the Rio +20 conference, which was a follow-up to the 1992 Earth Summit, was held. The focus was on ensuring political commitment to achieving sustainable development, evaluating progress made in previous commitments, as well as committing to repaying attention to the urban dimension of sustainable development, and recognizing cities as a Social, production and trade, and the Rio +20 conference concluded that the challenges facing cities can be overcome by ways that allow them to continue to grow, while improving the use of resources to ensure the reduction of poverty and pollution (Leggett, & Carter, 2012, p3). In light of this, there are several definitions of sustainability, which the Brundtland Commission defined in its 1987 report as "satisfying the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs" (Bruntland, 1987, p8). The United Nations Food and Agriculture Committee (FAO) also defined it as "the management and protection of the natural resource base, and the direction of technical and institutional changes to ensure the realization and permanent satisfaction of present and future human needs" (FAO, 1989). As for the United Nations Conference held in Brazil Rio de Janeiro in 1992, pointed out that "the human being is the cornerstone of sustainability, with the necessity of having a healthy, productive life in a way that is in harmony with the environment, and achieving justice when fulfilling the developmental and environmental needs of the present and the future" (UN, 1992).

7.Sustainable Development :
As sustainable development stems from the belief that humanity is responsible for the welfare of future generations, The concept of sustainable development has become the biggest global political challenge in the past two decades, (van den Bergh & Nijkamp, p4, 1991). In 1987 This idea was formally found by the Brundtland Commission Report Our Common Future which outlined the conceptual foundations for sustainable development. The document was prepared in order to bridge the gap between environmental concerns about the environmental consequences of human activities and social and political concerns about human development (Robinson, p369, 2004). The main ideology behind the idea was the development of economic systems that respect the limits of natural systems (Bithas & Christofakis). Then it became an idea widely used in many fields such as (transport, water, housing, tourism, land uses) and according to the report of this committee, sustainable development means: "the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" ( Al-Jayousi, 2013, p. 21), and since Brundtland Report has the publication , sustainable development has become objective of the global policy to combat environmental degradation (Bithas & Christofakis, p14, 2006). Sustainable development has formed a new and revolutionary concept in development thought, as for the first time it has combined economic and social needs with "sustainable development" the main concept of the conference, for which the "Agenda 21" document was issued, which defines the economic, social and environmental criteria for how to achieve sustainable development, to be an alternative This concept spread until it was used as a slogan for the second Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002, "the World Summit on Sustainable Development" (Clawey, 2013, p. 13). Essentially, sustainable development highlights a set of attempts and demands to unify social, economic and environmental aspects. Pieterse also defines the hypothesis of sustainable development as growth that balances economic, social and environmental necessities, and this bears fruit in the concept of sustainable development as an interdisciplinary field of research that depends on many from different skill sets (Pieterse, 2010, p33). Thus, the concept of sustainable development must be directed towards the relations between society and nature through the sustainable use of natural resources side by side, with economic growth and social harmony, as it is required in sustainable development, to ensure that the basic balance of environmental resources, for society or the state, does not decrease with the passage of time. The balance of natural resources should be preserved in order to achieve the lowest degree of justice and equity for future generations (Littig & Grießle, 2005, p65). Sustainable development through these summits and conferences means that there should be solidarity between the current and future generations, so as to guarantee the rights of future generations to environmental resources, and its goals are to improve the living conditions of all the world's population, and to provide the means of well-being, health and stability for each individual (Kalawi, 2013, p. 14) .

Sustainable City Center :
Downtown belongs to all of us. Located in the heart of the city and the focal point of the most expanding district, it is our responsibility to ensure that it remains alive and vibrant not only today but for generations to come. Global climate change, stressed ecosystems, negative health impacts and acceleration of resource consumption force us to address sustainability issues now, if we are to pass on to the next generation a healthy, green and livable urban center. An ecologically sustainable city center must be "green" not only in appearance, but also in the inherent efficacy, continuity, and renewal of the natural systems with which it is intertwined. The buildings, streets, vegetation, and activities in the city center affect our local environment and the regional, local and even global environment in terms of water and air quality, resource conservation and non-renewable energy consumption. An environmentally sustainable city center will not only include the valuable and most visible features we associate with nature (abundant canopy of trees, attractive landscaping, open spaces), but also innovative building and transportation technologies, appropriate building envelopes and site design, cross-land use, and thoughtful management of harmful activity. Likely, including how we dispose of our household waste and move ourselves between work, home and play. Sustainability allows us to see our current growth and development from a long-term perspective. It provides assurance that our actions today will not alter or detract from the enjoyment of downtown by future generations. Through a commitment to sustainability, we are able to set standards and goals to ensure our future generations have an ecologically healthy, socially inclusive and economically prosperous city center (Sustainable Edmonton's Downtown Plan, 2010, P3).

8.Practical aspect
( as a study case Baghdad Center (Old Rusafa Center) ) .

8.1
The importance of the city of Baghdad stands out as being the capital of the Iraqi Republic and an important political, administrative, social, cultural and economic center for the country. The city center is the heart of the city of Baghdad, due to the intense activity in it and the movement of transport resulting from this activity. An urban area that continues to transform and change over time, but towards decay and deterioration, as it suffers from many problems, the most important of which is the deterioration of public and basic services, the inadequacy of the buildings allocated for them in terms of use, the encroachment on government buildings, the change in uses, the irregular diversity between different uses, as well as traffic congestion and lack of The efficiency of the public transport network, visual pollution, random encroachments on buildings, poor housing, especially in the old areas of the center, the deterioration of the urban landscape and the lack of green areas and means of entertainment. A part of the area has been selected for study.

9.Description of the study area:
Rusafa Baghdad is located on the Tigris River on the eastern bank. Rusafa has a great and long history, so it is the real heart of Baghdad, as its urban fabric is complex and consists of a contrasting mixture of traditional fabric with modern straight lines and grids, and it is an integral part of the central business and commerce sector (JCP,1984,P .

10.The questionnaire results
The researcher made a questionnaire to express the opinion of the specialists on the extent of the application of sustainable management indicators in the current urban management system represented by the Municipality of Baghdad and the municipal department of the old Rusafa center and other actors responsible for managing the old city center of Baghdad (the old Rusafa Center). The questionnaire was distributed to a deliberate and intentional sample, and it includes a group of specialists in the field of urban and regional planning and specialists related to the subject. The total of the forms distributed to the sample (100) was as follows: • Including (25) forms for engineers in the Municipality of Baghdad / Department of Designs • (25) forms for engineers in the Municipality of Baghdad / old Rusafa municipality center • (25) forms for specialists in the field of urban and regional planning • (10) forms to managers, heads of departments and engineers in the Ministry of Planning • (7) forms for specialized engineers in the Ministry of Housing • (8) Professors in Architecture Engineering / University of Technology and the Faculty of Urban Planning at the University of Kufa. The questionnaire included a statement of the specialists' opinion on the extent of their agreement or disagreement with the statements contained in the questionnaire, related to the four dimensions of sustainable management, which are: the economic dimension, the social dimension, the environmental dimension, and the institutional dimension. The statistical results of the questionnaire were as shown in the Urban management has the ability to understand the market not only in terms of population and income levels, but also in terms of growth, competition, and reaching aspirations. There is diversity and competition in economic activities between the public and private sectors. The urban management has the effectiveness and efficiency required to manage the national economy and achieve sustainable development. The urban management takes into consideration the preservation of the urban identity in the city center, meaning that the identity is always local and can never be transferred. The urban management takes into consideration the principle of equality in securing social property rights through a fair distribution of the benefits of economic activity.

5
Urban management seeks to integrate the community with its environment by providing link with the natural environment.

6
The urban management seeks to develop treatments in cooperation with the authorities to get rid of (crime, crime reduction, and societal terrorism). The urban management seeks to promote the city center as a center for active life and strengthen relations by providing recreational, cultural and artistic activities to all members of the community, ensuring easy access and safe recreation in the city center. The urban management operates on the principle of transparency in involving the citizen to see the development plans and programs to take the appropriate decisions. Urban management seeks to reduce the amount of waste generated in the city center by promoting waste recycling and encouraging more responsible consumer behavior towards the environment. The urban management has green policies, programs and strategies for the adoption of green infrastructure in the city center. The urban management grants the municipality's directorates a relatively decentralized system and considers them an independent financially and administratively unit.

10
The urban management has the efficiency in providing and covering services and addressing shortages and imbalances in them.

11
There is cooperation between the urban management and stakeholders from the private sector in order to provide services and solve the problems it faces. Note: There is -(zero value expresses for lack of vote on the value in question). Table No.(1)the sesultes of an electronic questionnaire 11.Conclusions : By analyzing the questionnaire for the opinions of specialists, we conclude that the indicators of sustainable management that have been reached within the theoretical framework of the study are not applied by the urban management institutions responsible for managing the city center of Baghdad (the old Rusafa Center) and that the methods used in urban management are traditional methods that do not take into account Considering the principle of sustainability when preparing plans, programs and policies, which made the city center of Baghdad a non-viable center constantly, and therefore it is an unsustainable center.

12.Recommendations :
1. Emphasis on entrusting the urban management process with specialists to control land uses and achieve the dimensions of economic, social, environmental and institutional sustainability, and taking into account the application of decentralization in its preparation with the preparation of new administrative strategies and updating the existing ones. 2. Adopting the principles of environmental design, green and smart architecture, and sustainability concepts to create an interactive relationship between residents and nature and a sustainable ecosystem that takes into account the principles of climate design, rationalization of energy and water consumption and improving the health of the population 3. Encouraging the establishment of information, monitoring and evaluation systems on the state of the urban environment and sustainable development, continuing activities related to pollution assessment, formulation, implementation and follow-up, making urban pollution reduction a priority objective and adopting the implementation of political measures to promote the upgrading of national bases. 4. Strengthening the role of the Capital Municipality and the municipalities as decentralized local administrative units and involving them in preparing and ratifying comprehensive plans, as  13 they are the closest and most capable of understanding and identifying the needs of the local community they represent and belong to. 5. Reducing the conflict of laws and regulations related to the organization and land use through a unified umbrella linked to the government for this purpose and in accordance with urban planning to avoid urban distortions and depletion of urban lands. 6. Applying the participatory approach between the federal government and local administration bodies on the one hand and between the public and private sectors and civil and civil society on the other, within the framework of integration, flexibility and transparency in the decisionmaking process in order to formulate, implement and evaluate development plans in general and urbanism in particular.