Assessment of fiber flax varieties according to the parameters of ecological plasticity in the conditions of the Ural region of the non-chernozem zone of Russia

Experimental data on the assessment of flax varieties and breeding numbers were obtained in field experiments at the experimental field of ERPC - Agrotechnopark FSBEI HE Izhevsk SAA on sod-medium podzolic medium loamy soil in the grain-grass crop rotation in 2015-2016, 2018, 2020. It was found that the change in the yield of whole and long fiber in the varieties and breeding numbers of fiber flax by 41.6…64.3% was caused by the influence of soil and meteorological conditions. Among the studied collection, the combination of good plasticity and stability to abiotic conditions is characteristic of the domestic variety TOST 2, according to the yield of long fiber – the breeding number from Lithuania – B-168 and the variety from France – Diane. It was found that the domestic varieties TOAST 1, Zaryanka, Antey and the breeding number K4196×1288/12 provided relatively high stability in the yield of the whole and long fiber in various abiotic medium conditions. This made it possible to use these varieties as a source material in breeding programs.


Introduction
The linen industry is considered the most complex among all branches of the agro-industrial complex with the longest technological chain -from flax straw, hemp straw and fibers as raw materials, to fabrics and a wide range of products of various properties for various industries, including logistics and trade. Being the most important technical crop, flax is of great economic importance for the national economy of Russia, as it is the only renewable source of natural fibers for the production of domestic fabrics [1; 2]. As a renewable raw material, flax is becoming increasingly important as the range of its use expands more and more. In addition to the traditional use in home textiles, clothing and sailing products, the demand for flax raw materials for technical purposes is growing rapidly, since flax fibers have high specific properties, become components of biodegradable composites, environmentally friendly insulation materials, in addition, flax offal is used in the production of environmentally friendly building materials [3; 4].
It has been repeatedly proven that the yield of almost any crop is 20-25% determined by the variety. The role of the variety is especially high where soil and climatic conditions are extreme for crops [5]. For most agricultural crops, the yield by 60-80% depends on unregulated environmental factors and, above all, on meteorological conditions, which are not always possible to predict accurately [https://apps.webofknowledge.com/OutboundService.do?SID=F1YG4UGjoiRhhobHNPe&mode=rrcA uthorRecordService&action=go&product=WOS&daisIds=13013916]. In the conditions of the Ural region of the Non-Chernozem zone on sod-podzolic soils, 73.2 and 86.4% change in the yield of fiber and seeds of fiber flax varieties, respectively, is caused by the influence of meteorological conditions [7; 8]. Optimization of the methods of cultivation of fiber flax modern varieties adapted to the conditions of the Udmurt Republic allows to obtain a fiber yield of at least 10.0 c/ha, seeds -at least 5.0 c/ha. The efficiency of the developed basic elements of the cultivation technology for fiber and seeds is confirmed by economic and energy estimates with a profitability level of at least 35% and energy costs for the main products -no more than 17.3 MJ/kg. When the yield of fiber is less than 8.0 c/ha, seeds -less than 3.0 c/ha, the quality of the offal -less than 1.50 of the number, the cultivation of fiber flax becomes economically inefficient [9].
The level of seed yield of oilseed flax varieties in similar soil and meteorological conditions varied significantly over the years and varied from 4.1 c/ha to 12.3 c/ha [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. Varieties of Central Russian monoecious cannabis, as another equally important bast-fiber crop, on sod-podzolic soils of the Middle Urals formed a straw yield of 63-147 c/ha, seeds of 7.0-9.0 c/ha [15]. Experimental data on the study of the productivity of technical cannabis varieties Vera, Nadezhda and Surskaya were carried out under different abiotic conditions.
In recent years, new prospects have opened up for the use of flax seeds as renewable raw materials in the production of functional food products, feed additives, due to their amino acid and fatty acid composition of its oil [16; 17; 18]. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of flax varieties to introduce the best of them for practical application is of urgent importance for science and production.
The purpose of the study is to identify the responsiveness of varieties and breeding numbers of flax of different ecological and geographical origin to the soil and meteorological conditions of the Ural region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia by the formation of flax yields.
Objectives: 1. to establish the shared participation of the variety and abiotic conditions for the impact on the productivity of different fiber flax varieties; 2. to evaluate the parameters of ecological plasticity by the yield of fiber flax varieties.

Materials and methods
The object of research is the varieties and breeding numbers of fiber flax from the world collection of VIR and the national collection of VNIIL. Experimental data were obtained in 2015-2016, 2018, 2020, laying field experiments on the experimental field of the ERPC -Agrotechnopark FSBEI HE Izhevsk SAA on sod-medium-podzolic medium loamy soil in the grain-grass crop rotation after winter crops in accordance with the experimental work methodology [19]. Generally accepted methods were used to determine the agrochemical parameters of the arable soil layer [20]. Data on the average daily air temperature and the amount of precipitation for the growing season are determined based on the daily indicators of the listed parameters of the Izhevsk weather station [21]. Significant differences in the experiment variants were established using analysis-of-variance methods [19]. Based on two-factor analysis of variance, the proportion of the influence of genotype, environmental factors and their mutual effect were determined [19]. The variability of yield from the average value of the experiment or the coefficient of variation (V) was calculated by B.A. Dospekhov [19]. Calculation of ecological plasticity (bi) and stability (S 2 di) parameters -according to the methodological instructions of S. A. Eberhart and W.F. Russel [22], using the calculation method of V. A. Zykin [23]. The coefficient of plasticity (bi) shows the reaction of the variety to changes in cultivation conditions. The higher its value (bi > 1), the higher responsiveness this variety has. When bi = 1 indicates a direct dependence of yield on weather conditions. The stability coefficient (S 2 di) is the deviation of the actual yield from the theoretically possible one when testing the variety. Stable varieties are those in which changes in environmental conditions do not affect the development of traits.

Research results
In the arable layer of the soil in different years of the study, there was a low, medium and increased content of humus (1.6-2.7%); from increased to high content of mobile phosphorus (148-240 mg/kg), from medium to very high -exchangeable potassium (114-276 mg/kg); exchange acidity of the soil from The reaction of varieties and breeding numbers to soil and meteorological conditions with the yield of the whole and long fiber was different (Table 1). For long fiber yield a significant increase of 15-54 g/m 2 was provided by varieties and breeding numbers of domestic origin -Nord, AP-4, Tverskoy, Alpha, ER-138, Dobrynya, TOST 4, TOST 3, and TOST 2, the variety of the Republic of Belarus -Zakaz, breeding number from Ukraine -3938/15, breeding number from Lithuania -B-192, B-168, varieties from France -Diane, Aurore and variety of the Czech Republic -Jitka with LSD05 -12 g/m 2 , compared to the same period in standard variety Tomskiy 18. The variety from France, Diane, stood out in terms of yield of whole (175 g/m 2 ) and long fiber (125 g/m 2 ), forming an advantage in these parameters by 21-115 g/m 2 and 21-90 g/m 2 , respectively, over other studied varieties and breeding numbers. According to the yield of long fiber, the exception was the varieties Zakaz and ER-138, in which this indicator was 115 and 122 g/m 2 , respectively.
The increase in seed yield was not provided by any variety and breeding number, in comparison with the seed yield of the Tomskiy 18 variety (LSD05 -46 g/m 2 ). The highest indicator (115-121 g/m 2 ) was provided by: the domestic variety Zaryanka, the breeding number from Ukraine -3938/15 and the variety from the USA -Crystall. The increase in the yield of these seeds was 48-54 g/m 2 , relative to the yield of other varieties.
Over the years of scientific research, soil and meteorological conditions have influenced the yield of the whole and long fiber and the content of long fiber to a greater extent by 41.6-64.3% (Figure 1). The genotype of the variety had the greatest influence (40.1%) on the change in the content of the whole fiber. The yield of seeds to a greater extent (by 41.0%) was due to the interaction of varietal characteristics and environmental factors. The genetic program and the potential of plant productivity are realized through regulatory mechanisms and systems that, in interaction with technological techniques and weather factors, form a certain morpho-physiological type of plant, the level of productivity, the final yield and its quality. One of the adaptation ways is the breeding of new genotypes of plants that are more adapted to local environmental conditions, the level of agricultural technology and its resource provision [24].
To identify the responsiveness of varieties and breeding numbers of fiber flax to abiotic conditions by fiber yield, the parameters of ecological plasticity for the yield of whole and long fiber were calculated ( Table 2). with the yield of the whole fiber. Varieties with good responsiveness to changes in cultivation conditions include varieties of domestic origin TOST 2 and Voskhod and a variety from Lithuania -B-168 with a plasticity coefficient of 0.92-0.99.
The most stable in terms of the whole fiber yield were the varieties Sinichka, TOST 1 and Zaryanka with a stability coefficient of 8, 7 and 2, respectively. The lowest stability in the yield of the whole fiber (1527-1706) had foreign varieties and breeding numbers -3938/15 and Jitka.
A significant change in seed yield was observed in all varieties of fiber flax distinguished by seed productivity (V=22.0-28.1%), except for the variety from the USA -Crystall with a variation coefficient V = 14.5% (Table 3). Table 3. Adaptability parameters of fiber flax varieties by seed yield.
* -reliable at 95 % probability level Among the varieties of fiber flax that stood out in terms of seed yield, the most responsive to improving cultivation conditions were the breeding number 3938/15 and the Zaryanka variety with a plasticity coefficient of 1.84 and 1.81, respectively. Nevertheless, the Zaryanka variety had a high stability coefficient Sd 2 -771, which indicates its low stability in seed yield. The most stable yield with a coefficient Sd 2 -115 was provided by the variety Crystall.

Discussion
Numerous scientific studies conducted in various soil and climatic conditions emphasize the importance of adapting varieties to specific environmental conditions and their different behavior in different agroclimatic zones.
In most European countries and regions, in India (New Delhi), the main factor limiting the yield of flax products is weather conditions, namely -precipitation [25,26]. Experiments conducted in Poland showed that dry conditions led to a decrease in fiber yield by 39.7-49.3% [27]. This is also relevant for flax growing in the Middle Cis-Urals [28]. In China, to reduce the negative impact of drought on flax productivity, alternating small and large ridges with full-layer mulching is recommended, which provides an innovative option for optimizing hydrothermal soil conditions, thereby increasing the productivity and profitability of flax crops in arid semi-desert conditions [29]. According to A. Dmitriev [30] unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient deficiency and suboptimal soil acidity, contribute to a decrease in the quantity and quality of flax yield. Growing stress-tolerant varieties will significantly reduce crop losses. Understanding the mechanisms of flax response to stress will ensure the identification of resistance gene candidates. In the conditions of Central and Northern Italy, variety genotype, cultivation zone and vegetation conditions had a significant impact on the yield of flax products [6].
The main product of fiber flax is fiber. Therefore, the scientific research of many scientists is aimed at determining and improving the quality of flax fibers of modern varieties. To resume flax production in Croatia, M. Andrassy [31]  influence of meteorological conditions on the quality of fiber and the duration of the growing season of flax varieties has been established [28].
Scientific research on the development of technology for flax growing is primarily based on the selection of varieties for local environmental conditions [32]. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the needs of two categories of consumers -producers and processors of flax. This is important for reducing the economic, environmental, and social costs of agricultural production [32,33].
Thus, according to scientists from Russia and other countries, the role of a variety that provides a stable yield at a high level is especially important in various soil-climatic and economic conditions of agricultural production. Modern varieties of fiber flax must have a full range of economically valuable characteristics, meet the requirements of agricultural producers, and be adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of specific cultivation zones.

Conclusions
Thus, the change in the yield of the whole and long fiber in the studied varieties and breeding numbers by 41.6...64.3% is caused by the influence of soil and meteorological conditions during the years of research. Among the studied collection, the combination of good plasticity and stability to abiotic conditions is characteristic of the variety TOST 2, according to the yield of long fiber -the breeding number from Lithuania -B-168 and the variety from France -Diane. It was found that the domestic varieties TOAST 1, Zaryanka, Antey and the breeding number K4196×1288/12 provided relatively high stability in the yield of the whole and long fiber in various abiotic medium conditions. These varieties had a significant advantage over other studied flax varieties and breeding numbers in terms of the yield stability of the whole and long fiber. This will allow the use of the listed varieties and the breeding number as a source material in breeding programs.