Types and composition of diseases and pests of restructured forest and pasture plants in the dry part of the Aral Sea

Studies on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea have shown that dominant disease from 3 species of them in Haloxylon plant is Podosphaera leucotricha and the dominant species from 34 species of pests is Big Dwarf Haloxylon Locust (D. albidula) and Small Haloxylon Locust (D. annulata roseipen). Chemical and biological control measures were taken against this disease and pests. When using anti-inflammatory drugs Redomil gold, Dnox, Fundazol and Sporagin, their effectiveness is as follows: Redomil gold - 68% sp (2.0–2.5 kg / ha), Fundazol -50% ke (2.0 l / ha), Dnox - 40% ke (2.0 l / ha) and Sporagin (4.0, l / ha) were tested using fungicides in the norms. Of the drugs used in the experimental variant, Redomil gold, 68% s.p. (2.0-2.5 kg / ha) was the highest biological efficacy against powdery mildew in the variant in which the fungicides were applied, was 91.3%.


Introduction
Today, bioecological tragedies are taking place in many places due to the negative impact of anthropogenic factors on nature [1][2][3][4][5]. One of them is the drying up of the Aral Sea. As a result of the withdrawal of seawater, it was replaced by a typical desert, consisting of a huge complex of salty sand landscapes. The desert came to be known as the Aralkum, a new natural area in Central Asia. The Aralkum is the youngest desert in the world. It is located in the northern part of Kazakhstan and in the southern part of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Its area is 5 million hectares, of which about 2.5-3 million hectares belong to the Republic of Karakalpakstan. One of the most pressing issues is the prevention of sand and salt landslides caused by strong winds on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, as well as the creation of systems to protect naturally propagated desert plants (including Haloxylon, sugarcane, cherkez) from pests. As a result, maintaining healthy trees and shrubs in the regions will increase their seed yield by 50-60%, produce quality seeds for the establishment of protected forests in the desert areas, and create the conditions for natural tree reproduction. The level of forest coverage in the region will increase significantly, which will prevent strong salt and sand storms from rising from the seabed [6][7][8]. Areas free of seawater pose an important challenge for scientists, such as a comprehensive study of its flora and vegetation [9,10] The establishment of new forests and pastures in the Aral Sea region, on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, will help preserve and develop biodiversity. Biodiversity conservation focuses on the prospects for the protection and use of flora, current issues in the protection, conservation and restoration of soil fertility, and the negative impact of biotic and abiotic factors on plant growth and development [11][12][13][14]. (1) Rdisease progression in %, Σ (a • b)is the sum of the product of the affected organs in terms of points, athe number of infected plants, Nthe total number of observed plant members, Кthe highest score on the scale. A total of 100 leaves and 10 leaf blades and young shoots from 25 of the selected Haloxylon, sugarcane, and cherkez plants were examined without interruption. The degree of damage is calculated by evaluating each leaf, leaf petiole and young twigs on the following scales:

Separation of pathogenic fungi into pure cultures
A wet chamber was used to isolate the cultures of pathogenic fungi found in the plantation. To do this, Petri dishes with a plate-sized filter paper on the bottom are sterilized in an autoclave at 121 degrees for two hours, and the filter paper inside is moistened with sterile water. The surface of the samples was then sterilized with 96% alcohol in front of an alcohol lamp flame and cut with sterile scissors measuring 0.3-0.5 cm. The cut samples are collected in 4-5 pieces evenly on the surface of the filter paper on a Petri dish. Petri dishes were then placed in thermostats at 24-26 degrees celsius to grow fungies. The growth of fungi on the petri dishes is observed from the third day. In front of an alcohol flame, the hyphae were transplanted from the fungal mycelium into a nutrient medium in a pre-agar solution and placed in a thermostat at 24-26 ° C. After 3-4 days, fungi begin to grow and develop in these solutions.
The biological effectiveness of fungicides used against the disease is calculated by the following formula: (2) Тbiological efficiency, %, R tcontrolled disease progression, %, R nexperimental disease progression, %.
Pidoplichko expressions were used to identify fungal species. The effect of various fungicides against pathogenic fungi was studied on the basis of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Chemicals for Plant Protection method. The fungicides being tested were weighed and dissolved in acetone, then 3 cm3 of the drug was pipetted and placed in a 40-degree dilute artificial medium in a flask. The flask was shaken, then poured into Petri dishes and left for 24 hours. After a day, the test fungi were inoculated into 3 locations of the treated artificial nutrient medium on a Petri dish and placed in a thermostat at 24 ° C. After 3 days, the growth of the fungi was analyzed. The method of Dospekhov was used to determine the economic efficiency in the development of Haloxylon, sugarcane, cherkez. The number of pests were calculated according to the "Guidelines" published by Khodjayev and methods of Uspensky. Chemical treatment in Haloxylon, sugarcane, cherkez areas is carried out mainly with the help of OVX-28 ventilated tractor sprayers and motorized hand sprayers. Insecticides tested against pests are carried out using special agro toxicological methods published under the editorship of Gar and Khodjayev. During the test the recommendations of Turabkhodjayeva were taken into account. Processing is carried out in the morning and evening, taking into accounts the weather and wind speed (up to 1 m / s). Some drugs are tested first in small field experiments and then in large field experiments. In small field experiments, the area is 200-300 m2, and 320-350 liters of water per hectare are used using a hand-held (motorized) device. In practical experiments, OVX-28 ventilated tractor sprayers are used and 200-300 liters of water per hectare is consumed. Entomological The number of pests was determined by the number of stems in each bush during the growing season of Haloxylon, sugarcane, cherkez and the average number of pests infested by 10 stalks. The biological effectiveness of the drugs in the experiment was calculated according to the wellknown Abbot formula. The advantage of this formula is that it takes into account the control option. If the number of pests there (in the next few days) falls below the natural control of 30%, the experiment will be stopped from that day.
which: ABbiological efficiency; Аthe number of pests in the experimental variant (before spraying); аthe number of pests in the experimental variant, (in the days after spraying); Вthe number of pests in the control (drug-free) option (before spraying); вthe number of pests in the control option (next calculation days).
The method developed by Goncharev is used to calculate the economic and cost-effectiveness of drugs. Economic efficiency is calculated based on the method of Chenkin. The results of the experiments on the project are analyzed by the method of Dospekhov. The results obtained in the experiment are analyzed mathematically in different ways. According to this method, the smallest difference between the experimental parameters (ECF) is calculated.

Results and Discussions
Podosphaera leucotricha -The fungus Podosphaera causes diseases like the leaves do not develop well and become boat-like, and trees and young seedlings are severely damaged. Plant growth may be reduced by 30-50% [15]. Examples of locust species that cause major damage to agricultural crops in Uzbekistan are Locusta migratoria L, Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb, Dociostaurus kraussi Ingen, Calliptamus turanicus Tarb. Of the 41 species identified in Karakalpakstan, locusta migratoria L and Calliptamus italicus L, solitary C. Barbarus Costa, Thrinchus campanulatus FdW, Tetrix tartara I.Bol, Heteractis adspersus Redt and others are the main pests. Research on the bioecology of locust species found in reeds along rivers and lakes of Uzbekistan and in the Fergana Valley, as well as more than 80 species of locusts adapted to living in tugai and riverbanks. scientific data on the ecological distribution of such species were collected. There is no system in place to protect sand and salt landslides caused by strong winds on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, and to protect naturally propagated desert plants, including Haloxylon, sugarcane, and cherkez, from diseases and pests. The prevalence of diseases and pests in forests and pastures in the dry bottom of the Aral Sea in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, their degree of damage, species, development, dominant species and bioecological features were studied in 2020-2021. As a result of our research, 3 different types of diseases and 34 different types of pests were identified. Today, the main (dominant) type of disease in Haloxylon is Powdery mildew, which has a high level of economic damage. For this reason, much of our research has focused on the spread, harm, and bioecological features of this disease in the field and in the laboratory, and on the application of agrotechnical, chemical, and biological control measures to protect Haloxylon plants. Powdery mildew can cause great damage when strongly developed. Damaged leaves do not grow well and fall off quickly, and damaged twigs stop growing, and their tips often dry out. The formed nodules will soon fall off. The growth intensity of the plant might decrease up to 40-50% and it might dry out. Many scientists believe that dew reduces the winter hardiness of trees. In cold weather, the first damaged buds and twigs die. However, it should be noted that the mycelium of the pathogen is killed along with them. This is one of the reasons why the number of infections decreases after a severe winter. Early damaged leaves and buds die after budding. The severity of the disease is determined by the onset of the disease. Diseases of plant organs are not uniformly observed. We can see that the leaves and buds are mostly damaged in the neck area. Without the use of chemical protection, we can observe that the leaves are severely damaged. In black Haloxylon, it was 71.2% in our experiments (Table 1). All methods and techniques of the generally accepted science of phytopathology and mycology were used in the implementation of the experiment. The research was conducted on a Haloxylon in the Moynak area. The experimental variants consist of 4 variants with 3 repetitions, arranged in 1 tier. Haloxylon seedlings are planted in a 10x2 scheme. The results of the study are presented in Table 2.
During the study, Redomil gold, 68% wettable powder (2.0-2.5 kg / ha), Fundazol, 50% wettable powder (2.0 l / ha), Dnox, 40% emulsion concentrate (2.0 l / ha) and Sporagin (4.0, l / ha) fungicides were tested. According to the results of the experiment, in the control variant, the leaves of Haloxylon were affected by Powdery mildew disease by 26.0%, while the development of the disease was correspondingly 10%. Of the drugs used in the experimental variant, Redomil gold, 68% wettable powder (2.5 kg / ha) showed the highest biological efficacy against Powdery mildew disease in the variant using the fungicide ( Table 2). The incidence was 4.5% in the leaves. The incidence of the disease was 0.85% in the leaf, respectively, and the biological efficiency in the leaf was 91.3%. When sporagin (4.0 l / ha) was used, the incidence was 11.5% per leaf and the disease rate was 4.0% per leaf. Biological efficiency reached 60.5%.