Hazard Level of Slum Areas in Palembang City

The study aimed to identify the hazard level distribution in the slum areas in Palembang City. The research was a quantitative type with 382 families that live in the slums as the samples. The data were collected using proportional area random sampling and analyzed using the K-means Cluster test through SPSS 23. Spatial analysis through Arcgis was conducted to complete the understanding of the hazard distribution in the slum areas. The results showed that the hazard clusters formed by 64 areas could be categorized into three: low, medium, high. High level of hazards, reaching the one-third portion of the areas, dominated the slums in Palembang City. The cluster with a high hazard level was mostly in the city center, which was geographically located on the riverbanks, causing the areas to be vulnerable to flood, diseases, and crimes. The city center was known to offer high numbers of the job vacancy. People in the slums working in the city center were day laborers.


Introduction
Slums are areas with poor environmental quality, less qualified building materials, and low quality of life. On average, people living in the slums are under the poverty line. It has been a common phenomenon in cities of developed countries with poor quality of life and a high poverty rate [1]. People in the areas are from a low level of economy and education. The condition is continued from generation to generation. Slums quickly appear in the cities because of the high level of urbanization. The advances in technology and economic activities in the cities have triggered a population explosion. Unfortunately, technological advances were not followed by workforce absorption. Therefore, people who cannot compete and cannot find suitable occupations contribute to the increase of the new unemployment rate. Unemployment becomes one of the causes of slum emergence [2], [3].
Slum areas have provided affordable dwellings and living costs for people under the poverty line. However, they cannot prevent themselves from facing any kind of threat or hazard in the areas, such as natural disasters [4]. These people become vulnerable [5]. High vulnerability, especially in the economy, and the low capacity of the people have increased the disaster risk. For example, slum areas located on

The Hazard Distribution in the Slum Areas in Palembang City
The data of threats or dangers were gathered directly from the field because they were not available in the relevant agencies. The hazard level was determined by using the K-Means Cluster, of which the data were normally distributed based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov formula. The normality test results were presented below.

Sources: Data analysis using IBM SPSS 23
Nine variables that were normally distributed were used, while the other two (dispute, drowning, and attacked by animals) were not. Based on the normality test, the research employed eleven variables with a significant value above 0.05 and the confidence rate of 5%. In other words, the nine variables were used for every 64 areas of the slums. Even so, data standardization was conducted to align the diverse data of each variable. To obtain accurate data, K-Means Cluster was employed to determine the area category based on the hazard level. From the calculation using IBM SPSS 23, the results were as follows.

Cluster 1:
The variable hazard score was higher than cluster 2 and 3, or six out of nine variables. Those were flood, fire, damage, epidemic, crime, and domestic conflict. From the characteristics, it was assumed that people living in the slums were vulnerable to high hazard, evident in the highest score of the six variables. Two variables, which were drug abuse and promiscuity, were in the medium category. Meanwhile, only one division was in the low cluster (unemployment). The results were in line with [10], revealing that the slums along the riverbanks were highly vulnerable to danger because of poor health and occupation resulted in poor disaster risk management.
Cluster 2, The group consisted of two variables with a high score (drug abuse and promiscuity). Similar to [11], social hazards mostly occurred to those living on the riverbanks. The low significance value was occupied by three variables, which were fire, damage, and epidemic. The values were lowered compared to clusters 1 and 2 on the variables of the flood, crime, domestic dispute, and unemployment.
Cluster 3, The cluster did not contain the high value. Three variables were in the medium category (fire, damage, and epidemic). The flood had brought about diseases to humans and animals [12]. The characteristics indicated that people in the slums were vulnerable to flood, crime, domestic disputes, drug abuse, promiscuity, and unemployment. It can be concluded that the cluster has a low vulnerability. Source: Data analysis calculation using IBM SPSS 23 The table revealed that nine variables of the present study had a significance rate above 0.05. It can be concluded that there were differences between the three clusters. The number of cases identified using K-Means Cluster and tested using ANOVA was presented as follows. The table showed that the highest number reached by cluster 3, which included 25 areas. It means that the areas had a low hazard level. Meanwhile, the lowest was in cluster 2, with 19 areas in the medium hazard category. Twenty areas in the high category showed that they were vulnerable to hazards. The results were presented in the following table. Twenty-five areas of the slums in Palembang City were in a low category. The rests were medium and high. In other words, there was only 39% showing a high vulnerability to hazard. Nevertheless, the people still need the government and Non-Government organizations to help them improve the physical and social conditions in the areas [13]. The medium category of the areas with hazard vulnerability was presented below.