Evaluation of the implementation of sustainable transportation system in the green city concept in Banda Aceh City

Banda Aceh City has had an expansion and development plan towards a sustainable city with green city concept since 2012. Based on the green city concept, Banda Aceh City is planned to be an environmentally friendly city by utilizing water and energy resources effectively and efficiently, reducing waste, implementing an integrated transportation system, ensuring environmental health, synergizing the natural and artificial environment, based on urban planning and design in favor of the principles of sustainable development. But in reality there are still some problems such as the absence of adequate public transportation, the unbalanced length of the road with the growth in the number of vehicles so that the traffic flow is not smooth and causes traffic jams, pollution and air pollution. For this reason, this research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the implementation of a sustainable transportation system in Banda Aceh City so that achievements can be known by comparing the initial plan and implementation realization. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a gap analysis technique to compare the ideal conditions of a sustainable transportation system with the actual conditions in Banda Aceh City. The results show that the level of application has only reached 43.75% where all the models applied have not been implemented optimally.


Introduction
The city of Banda Aceh as the capital of Aceh Province, has experienced rapid growth. The population of Banda Aceh City in 2006 was 178,380 people and continued to grow until in 2019 it reached 270,321 people. Such a large increase in population was also followed by growth in housing construction, which in 2006 amounted to 35,676 units, increasing to 54,064 units in 2019 [1]. Furthermore, the Banda Aceh City government has also participated in the green city program since 2012, the green city concept for Banda Aceh City which includes eight supporting attributes of a green city, namely: green planning and design, green open space, green building, green waste, green transportation, green water, green energy, and green community [2].
Based on the concept of a green city, Banda Aceh City is planned to be an environmentally friendly city by utilizing water and energy resources effectively and efficiently, reducing waste, implementing an integrated transportation system, ensuring environmental health, synergizing the natural and artificial 2 environment, based on urban planning and design. side with the principles of sustainable development. However, in reality there are still some problems such as the absence of adequate public transportation, the unbalanced length of the road with the growth in the number of vehicles so that the traffic flow is not smooth and causes traffic jams, pollution and air pollution [3].

Materials
The definition of sustainable transportation is a concept of developing transportation that does not have a harmful impact on public health or environmental ecosystems. The objectives of this program include directing the development and development of environmentally friendly transportation systems that are human-oriented and the use of alternative renewable energy sources that are free of pollution, to achieve a healthy and comfortable environmental quality [2]. Broadly speaking, to develop green transportation there are three main steps, namely: 1) Identifying and analyzing the status of the existing transportation system, 2) formulating targets for reducing the use of motorized vehicles at and at emission levels, and 3) selecting the appropriate combination of various transportation options. The components of the development of green transportation in a hierarchical order of priority are as follows: 1) Pedestrian Path Pedestrian paths are convenience facilities that support traffic and road transportation activities inside and outside the road body in the context of safety, security, order and smooth traffic, as well as providing convenience for road users. Pedestrian facilities can be in the form of sidewalks, crossings with road markings (zebra cross), pedestrian bridges and pedestrian crossings (subway). The function of the pedestrian path is: a. the vitality of urban space; b. reduce the frequency of use of motorized vehicles in city centers; c. attractiveness of movement to the downtown area; d. create a human-scale atmosphere of space; and e. create clean and pollution-free air.
Pedestrian paths are generally in the form of sidewalks, zebra crossings, plazas, and subways. Sidewalks are pedestrian facilities provided on the roadside with the characteristics of a clear direction, location on the edge of the freeway, and a flat surface (max 5%) with a width of 1.5 -2 m. A zebra crossing is usually provided on the road. The crossing path aims to avoid conflicts with vehicles. The crossing usually has the characteristics of crossing the road, equipped with traffic lights and has a width of 2-4 m.

2) Bike Path
Bicycle lanes are lanes designated specifically for bicycle users and non-motorized vehicles, and are separated from motorized vehicles to improve the safety of bicycle users. Bike paths have several bicycle lane designs, including:  Bike paths, which are bicycle paths that are completely separated from the road and are often combined with pedestrian facilities;  Bike line, which is the part of the road marked with a bicycle user marker. Usually made in the direction of the motor lane current, although it can also be designed for two directions on one side of the road.  Bike routes are bicycle routes that are designed and can be used in conjunction with motorized vehicles. The minimum width for a one-way bicycle lane is 1 m, while the minimum width for a two-way lane is 1.8 m. Bike lanes can be separated by physical barriers from motor traffic lanes, and the design allows motorized vehicles to pass through bicycle lanes in case of an emergency. In addition, it is necessary to provide bicycle parking facilities to increase the attractiveness of bicycle transportation.

3) Public transportation
Public transportation or mass transportation is a means of driving for many people to move from one place to another, so that it can provide time and cost efficiency. Public transportation can be divided into several types which include a. Bus Bus is a means of land transportation to move someone from one place to another. There is also the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) which is a development of the bus, which is a transportation system that uses a bus fleet with quality services that are comfortable, safe, fast, and on time. The ideal BRT usually has the characteristics of a special lane so that it is free from congestion on the highway, BRT can use the normal lane on the highway if it is not possible for a special BRT lane, the payment system is carried out at the bus stop, the height of the shelter floor is parallel to the bus door to make it easier passengers board the bus, and the quality of the driver is good so as to create comfort for passengers. b. Commuter Train The commuter train is a transportation service that carries a large number of people who travel daily between the city center and the suburbs. The use of commuter trains can reduce congestion on the highway. The characteristics of commuter trains include connecting several stations in urban areas, having close distances or travel times, serving passengers from the suburbs to the city center or vice versa, and having scheduled services. c. City transport City transportation is public transportation with the character of small vehicles, mostly owned by individuals, to serve short-distance routes which are determined by the city government. City transportation usually caters to short-distance travel categories, such as trips to school or the market.

4) High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)
HOV is a high-occupancy vehicle that can be done by implementing ride sharing. Ride sharing is a process where a vehicle driver gives a ride to another person. The form of a ride can be given to friends, family, or it can also be organized from the workplace. In some countries ride sharing can provide a ride in various forms. For example, for the North American region, ride sharing can be in the form of car pooling, and in the UK it can be in the form of car sharing. Car sharing is a form of car rental where someone can borrow a car in the near future or for a long time. The use of ride sharing is usually used by another passenger who has the same purpose. The concept of ride sharing can reduce the number of use of private vehicles.

Research method
The method used in the implementation of this research is descriptive qualitative through a field survey to determine the application of the attributes of a sustainable transportation system in Banda Aceh City using the gap analysis method and an evaluation using the scoring method. The focus of this approach is to conduct a direct survey in the field to understand the implementation of what has been done in the implementation of a sustainable transportation system and what the ideal and actual conditions are in Banda Aceh City.  This research was conducted in Banda Aceh City, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Based on its geographical location, Banda City is located at the northern tip of Sumatra Island as well as being the westernmost region of Sumatra Island with a city surface area of 61.36 km2 [4,5]. The average land surface in Banda Aceh City is 0.80 meters above sea level. In 2020, the population of Banda Aceh City was recorded at around 270,321 people [6].

Research variable
According to Notoatmodjo [7] the definition of variables is distinguished as follows:  Variables contain an understanding of the size or characteristics possessed by members of a group that are different from those of other groups.  A variable is something that is used as a characteristic, trait or measure that is owned or obtained by a research about a certain concept of understanding. field and taking primary data which is realized through an image recording device (photography) to record images of physical data and phenomena that exist in the location. study. The purpose of observation is to obtain concrete data directly. The thing that is examined by this observation method is the application of the attributes of the green city concept in Banda Aceh City according to data from the city government offices and agencies. Observations that have been made are visiting the Aceh Transportation Service, and BAPPEDA Banda Aceh City.

Interview
In this interview process, the researcher tried to gather information and opinions from respondents about the application of the green city concept in Banda Aceh City. During the interview process, the researcher can add some questions outside the context of the existing questions. The type of interview used is included in the in-depth interview where the purpose of this interview is to find problems more openly. The informants chosen to be interviewed are from government agencies because they are people who have extensive knowledge about various problems that exist in a community and society. Interviews that have been conducted visiting the Aceh Transportation Service, and BAPPEDA Banda Aceh City

Secondary data
Secondary data is obtained through the inventory stage or data collection from other sources used for research in library research, namely previous research reports, data collection methods in the form of papers, and other necessary auxiliary data. The data collected can be seen in the following table.

Analysis
The analysis stage begins with formulating the ideal concept of a green city from the results of a desk study with a green city attribute (indicator) approach, which is followed by identifying the existing conditions of the attributes of a sustainable transportation system in Banda Aceh City using descriptive gap analysis. In this study, gap analysis is an analytical method used to compare the ideal conditions of a green city with the actual conditions of Banda Aceh, so that it can be seen the implementation of the plan for implementing a sustainable transportation system that has been achieved by the City of Banda Aceh and described descriptively.
According to Parasuraman [8], gap analysis is one of the tools that can be used to evaluate the performance of government agencies, especially in providing services to the general public. The results of the analysis can be a useful input for planning and determining budget priorities in the future. Gap analysis is a very important step in the planning and performance evaluation stages. This study resulted in an evaluation of the implementation conditions of the green city concept in Banda Aceh City. At this stage an assessment or scoring is carried out to find out what and how to achieve the application of the green city attributes. Scoring is done using a modified scoring table from Desdyanza's research [8] to evaluate the implementation of the attributes of the green city concept that has been applied. The limitations of the program assessment are based on the Green City Development Program (P2KH) document in Indonesia by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, as well as other supporting literature adapted to the physical condition of Banda Aceh City and the literature on the ideal concept of a Green City. Assessment is done by giving a score of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.