The Effect of Newspaper Powder on Structural Concrete Pressure Fc ‘21, 7 Mpa

The development of the construction industry in the world will increase the need for concrete as a building material. It will continue to grow as well as the need for further concrete in the future. The Concrete is widely used in construction because it is easily formed according to the needs, especially the concrete-forming materials, namely sand, crushed stone, cement, and water. that materials are not difficult to obtain, maintenance does not require a lot of money, and has high compressive strength. The method used in this research is the experimental method at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Islam Lamongan. In this study, the test object used was a cylindrical specimen with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. The concrete compressive strength test is carried out after the concrete has been immersed for a 7 days treatment period, then a convention is carried out with a correction factor of 28 days. From the results of the normal concrete compressive strength test with 7 days of age converted to 28 days, the average value of 3 samples with a 3% percentage is 18.4 MPa, 5% percentage is 8.6 Mpa, and 10% percentage is 5.8 MPa. From the results of the compressive strength test of paper waste concrete with an age of 7 days converted to 28 days, the composition of 3% is suitable for use. So the 3% percentage of paper waste meets the requirements to be made into fine aggregate in concrete.


Introduction
The current condition faced by the construction industry is the issue of natural damage caused by the use of materials in the construction industry, with concrete we can build buildings and infrastructure that make it easier for humans, and with concrete is also a contributor to global warming for the earth we live in (Błaszczyński and Król 2015). Therefore there is an effort to develop and present alternative materials that are environmentally friendly and can be used as a substitute for materials commonly used, especially in materials Concrete.
Experiments on finding alternative materials as concrete mixtures are also often carried out by researchers such as mixing glass waste in concrete mixtures as a substitute for fine or coarse aggregate can reduce compressive strength, this is because the critical percentage of glass replacement is associated with the water-tocement ratio of concrete because the water-to-cement ratio affects the calcium hydroxide content that reacts with the glass. (Guo et al. 2020).
The experimental concrete mixture replacement also uses a coconut shell mixture (Sucahyo, Agustapraja, and Damara 2020), conversion value of the compressive strength of the test object at the age o ICoSITeR 2020 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830 (2021) 012002 IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012002 2 f 7 days to age 28 days of specimens N, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% are 271.80 kg / cm², 205.12 kg / cm², 102.57 kg / cm², 76.92 kg / cm² and 64, 11 kg / cm². In the normal test object code, the paving block is classified as class B quality, while the 5% test object code is classified as class B quality, for the test object code 10%, 15%, and 20% do not meet the paving block quality standard. The results of the paving block water infiltration test with the addition of coconut shell charcoal from the test object were 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. All of them have increased water infiltration in paving blocks.
Another experiment using used paper ashes (Meko Kejela 2020), This research uses the method of replacing cement aggregate with paper ash, which is first burned with a temperature of 850 ° C, and the results show that the workability of concrete containing used paper ash decreases with the increasing ash content of a used paper. The compressive strength of concrete has increased significantly. Replacing ordinary Portland cement with waste paper ash up to 10% results in better compressive strength compared to convection mixtures. An increase of 5.6% & 1.2% was observed for 5%, & 10% replacement, respectively. But the compressive strength decreased because the replacement of used paper ash increased by more than 10%. The highest compressive strength of 37.89kN / m2 was obtained for concrete containing 5% waste paper ash.
Matters that need to be considered in the selection of concrete mixtures as described in SNI 03-2834-2000 regarding the procedure for mixing normal concrete (Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia 2002), it is necessary to pay attention to the proportion of material for the concrete mixture that must be determined to produce good properties and consistency that makes concrete easy to cast into the mold and into the gaps around the reinforcement with various conditions of casting that must be carried out, without excessive segregation or bleeding, for resistance to environmental influences as required in the required compressive strength of concrete with MPa and the mixture must comply with the strength test requirements.
For each different concrete mixture, both from the aspect of the material used or the proportion of the mixture, a test must be carried out on the proportion of concrete, including the water-cement ratio, which can be determined according to the standard deviation value which includes, among other things, the mixture represents the type of material, quality control procedures, and similar conditions are expected and such changes need not be made more stringent than those used. And also the mixture must represent the required concrete and meet the strength or compressive strength (fc) in the range of 7MPa.
If there is no record of test results that meet the criteria, then the proportion of the concrete mixture obtained from the experimental mixture that meets the following limitations: the mixture for concrete, the combination of materials used in the experiment must be the same as that used in the work to be carried out, the experimental mixture which has the required mix proportion and consistency for the work to be performed must be made using at least three different types of water-cement ratios or cement contents to produce a concrete compressive strength range that includes average strength, a test mixture should be planned To produce chills with a range of ± 20 mm from the maximum allowable value, and for concrete with an air additive as an additive, the air content range is limited to ± 0.5% of the maximum allowable air content. For each water-cement ratio or cement content in the experimental mixture, at least three samples of test cylinders for each test age must be made and treated following SNI 03-2492-1991, Methods of making and treating concrete specimens in the laboratory.
After the test results of the cylindrical sample are carried out, a curve must be plotted to show the relationship between the water-cement ratio or the cement content to the compressive strength at the specified test life, and the concrete sample test mixture having the maximum water-cement ratio or minimum cement content must be as shown in the curve to produce the average strength, except when the water-cement ratio is lower or the compressive strength is higher.
Alternative materials that will be tested in this research are utilizing newspaper waste, this material is abundant and can be found in households, offices, schools, and so on. Newspaper paper material is used because it has elastic properties, has fiber, is easy to form, and can be mixed with cement so that the alternative material for newspaper waste in this study is used as an additional material to replace cement.

State of the art
This research has the following objectives to determine the processing of Newspaper waste which is used as additional material for making concrete? and to determine the effect of mixing Newspaper waste on the compressive strength of Fc 21.7 MPa concrete. So from this research, it can be concluded whether the newspaper material is suitable to be used as a sustainable alternative material as a substitute for cement. Whereas in this research, using the test material of newspaper waste without combustion, only refined and as a substitute for a cement mixture, and tested with a compressive strength test with a cement substitute mixture of 3%, 5%, and 10%.

Methods
This research was conducted using an experimental method, namely by testing concrete samples in the laboratory according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) (Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia 2002), for concrete. The samples were tested between normal concrete and concrete with a mixed composition ratio using newspaper waste. The research items to be carried out consist of research on concrete composition materials and the compressive strength of concrete.

Concrete Materials Research
Composition of concrete constituent materials consisting of cement, sand, (coarse aggregate) gravel and water needs to be tested first, to know the quality of the stacking material whether it is by the provisions of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) (Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia 2000), the test consists of testing cement, sand testing, gravel testing, and newspaper waste testing.

Compressive Strength Test
For the implementation of the compressive strength test carried out at the Civil Engineering Laboratory of the Islamic University of Lamongan, this compressive strength test functions to determine the results of the compressive strength of concrete with paper waste aggregates with an age of 7 days tested using a compression testing machine, machine as shown in Figure 1. .

Figure 1. compression testing machine at at the Civil Engineering Laboratory
To obtain the compressive strength of concrete (σ), the formula is: where: σ = Compressive Strength of the test object (kg/cm²), P = Maximum load (kg), A = Cross-sectional area (cm²).
Calculate the compressive strength of the test object by dividing the maximum load received by the test object during the test by the average cross-sectional area determined as described in Article 5 and state the result rounded off to 1 (one) decimal with 0.1 MPa units. Based on Indonesian National Standard, How to test the compressive strength of concrete with a cylindrical specimen (Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia 2011).

Location and Time of Research
The research was carried out in the period between May-July 2020, at the Civil Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Lamongan Islamic University.

Data collection technique
Data collection in this research was carried out in several stages, namely as follows: 1. Testing the constituent materials of concrete a. Portland cement test (PC) b. Fine aggregate test (sand) c. Coarse aggregate test (gravel) 2. Testing Newspaper Waste as a substitute for cement, Newspaper Waste will later be turned into powder, then soaked and dried so that it can be dissolved and mixed with cement, As shown in Figure 2, the form of newspaper waste is smooth, soaked and dried.

Results and Discussion
The results of the research and trials carried out at the Integrated Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Universitas Islam Lamongan, the results of the concrete sample test were as follows:

Analysis of Cement Materials
In the trials carried out, using Portland cement material type I, namely cement with the brand Semen Gresik. In table 1, it explains that Normal cement consistency testing, cement density testing, and cement density testing, the results are standard by the Indonesian National Standard (Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia 2015).

Coarse Aggregate Analysis
The aggregate used in this research is black aggregate, the material testing process is carried out in 5 stages, namely: gravel moisture testing, gravel density testing, gravel infiltration water testing, gravel volume weight testing, gravel sieve analysis testing, in this test the following results were obtained. This: ASTM C 127-88-93 the obtained limit is between 1 -4%.
The average water content of the gravel absorption test results was 11.79% Not suitable 6 The water content of the gravel infiltration is steady; ASTM C 127-88-93 the obtained limit is between 1% and 4%.
The average water content of gravel absorption was 5.25%;

Slump Testing in Normal Concrete (ASTM C 144-78)
The sample test material that has been stirred and mixed will be carried out a slump test; this slump test is useful for determining the weariness of the concrete mix. For the slump test on concrete, it has a value of 60 mm-180 mm.  Figure 3. Slump Value Graphic Source: Research Results, 2020 Slump is the height of the mortar in the truncated cone against the height of the mortar after the mold is taken. Slump is a guideline used to determine the fatigue level of a concrete mix, the higher the elasticity, the easier it is to work (high workability value). Table 4, explains that normal concrete slump has a height value of 9 cm, while mixing Newspaper paper powder as a substitute for cement with a replacement composition of 3% decreases and a height value of 8 cm is obtained, while in the mixture of 5% composition, a height value of 8.5 cm is obtained, whereas In the 10% composition mixture, a height value of 8 cm is obtained, thus it can be seen that there is an increase in the value of the slump height in the mixture of 5% which is close to the height value of normal concrete, the results of the up and down test can be seen in Figure 3.

Compressive Strength
The results of the concrete compressive strength test on test objects that is 7 days old, namely on normal concrete test objects and Newspaper waste concrete test objects, This compressive strength test was carried out at the Civil Engineering Laboratory of the Universitas Islam Lamongan (UNISLA), and the results were as follows: From the results of the compressive strength test of 3 normal concrete test objects with an age of 7 days which were converted to 28 days, the average value was 21.7 MPa. From the results of the compressive strength test of 3 Newspaper waste concrete test objects with an age of 7 days which were converted to 28 days, the average value was 10.9 MPa. From the comparison of the research results above, it can be concluded that the compressive strength of the concrete on the Newspaper waste concrete test object decreased by 10.8 Mpa compared to the normal concrete test specimen. This can be seen in table 5, so paper waste does not meet the requirements to be used as a cement mixture in concrete.

Conclusion
Based on the explanation in the previous chapters regarding the addition of newspaper waste as a mixture of concrete, it can be concluded as follows: 1. The process of making concrete using newspaper waste added material starts with the provision of newspaper waste powder, cement material testing, sand material testing, crushed stone material testing, concrete manufacturing process, fresh concrete weighing, concrete mold dismantling process, and finally curing process. 2. From the compressive strength data of normal concrete with an age of 7 days, it is converted to 28 days with Fc '21.7 Mpa. Conclusion the final results of the study get the value of 3 samples with a percentage of 3% compressive strength of 18.4 MPa, 5% percentage of 8.6 MPa, 10% percentage of 5.8 MPa. From the results of the compressive strength test of paper waste concrete with an age of 7 days, it is converted to 28 days so that all percentages cannot be used. It can also be said that the higher the percentage, the lower the quality of the results obtained from the concrete mixture.