The Role of Autonomous Robots in Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) as an Approach of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG9): Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure in Handling the Effect of COVID-19 Outbreak

This research is aimed to discuss the implementation of Autonomous Robot as Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technology approaches in facing this current epidemic outbreak. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is the current and emerging environment in which technologies has transformed the way we live and work. Since Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9): Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure aimed to build resilient infrastructures, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and encourage innovation, it is believed that 4IR technology can help to achieve that. World Economic Forum (2017) emphasizes that 4IR innovation can promote system transformation across the environment and natural resource security agenda including enhancing the Risk Reduction agenda Disaster (DRR). A comprehensive solution is needed to prevent or slow down the spread of COVID-19. The objective of the paper is to discuss the implementation of Autonomous Robot as Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technology approaches in facing this current pandemic outbreak in Malaysia and overseas. The methodology used for this paper is Visual Analysis method. 15 YouTube videos from 12 countries were reviewed. Therefore, gaps determined will help innovators especially in improving the existing function of Autonomous Robots used during COVID-19.


Introduction
1.1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9): Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9): Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure targets to develop resilient infrastructure, drive innovation as well as promote inclusive and sustainable industry [1]. Investment in infrastructure such as irrigation, transport, energy and information and communication

Research Questions
This study embarks on the following questions: (1) What is the implementation of Autonomous Robot as Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technology approaches in facing this current pandemic outbreak? (2) How does the function of Autonomous Robot different between Malaysia and overseas?

Research Aim
The purpose of the study is to discuss the relationship between the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technology with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9): Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure in handling the effect of COVID-19. Next, to discuss the implementation of Autonomous Robot as Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technology approaches in facing this current epidemic outbreak. Then, to discuss the differences in function of Autonomous Robot implemented between Malaysia and overseas.

Research Objectives
This study embarks on the following objectives:  (1) To discuss the implementation of Autonomous Robot as Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technology approaches in facing this current pandemic outbreak. (2) To discuss the differences in function of Autonomous Robot implemented between Malaysia and overseas.
7. Literature Review 7.1. Autonomous Robots as part of 4IR Technology that has been implemented during pandemic COVID-19 outbreaks. The potential functions of robotics are getting clear as the pandemic rise [11]. During the 2015 Ebola outbreak, it was discovered at a workshop organised by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the National Science Foundation that there are three (3) broad areas where robotics can make a difference; (1) clinical care, such as telemedicine and decontamination; (2) logistics, such as delivery and waste handling; and (3) reconnaissance, such as surveillance activity . However, the COVID-19 outbreak has introduced a new area (fourth area) which is: job continuity and socioeconomic roles [11].
During the event of coronavirus, robots are potentially used to disinfect, deliver food and medicine, diagnose symptoms, and aid border control [11]. From Thailand to Israel, robots are being used to combat the coronavirus everywhere [10]. They are increasingly relying on efficient, fast, and contagion-proof champions to combat the virus [10]. Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technology was discovered to play a vital role for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9): Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure [12]. According to Celine Herweijer, Partner and Global Innovation and Sustainability Leader of PwC UK, there is a large untapped area for utilising new technologies to accelerate progress on the Global Goals. According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), technological progress is also essential in finding permanent solutions to both economic and environmental challenges, such as fostering energy efficiency and providing new jobs [13]. Therefore, in order to facilitate sustainable development, it is important to promote sustainable industries and investments in scientific research and innovation [13].

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak as a new disaster.
This virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and is surrounded by a positive sense [14]. The first cases were discovered in a large Chinese city, namely Wuhan [15]. Coronavirus is pathogens that mainly aims for respiratory system of human [15]. Coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks have already occurred, including the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV, all of which pose a significant public health risk [16]. Coronaviruses (CoVs) usually cause mild illness, but they have sometimes, in recent years, led to major outbreaks of human disease [17]. COVID-19 has recently been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on year 2020. In order to avoid or slow down its rapid spread, it is suggested that worldwide solutions are needed until successful control mechanisms have been developed and implemented [18].
According to Associate Prof Dr Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki, an associate professor and lecturer in epidemiology at the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Malaysia's COVID-19 pattern of infections are different from other countries where the disease spread more quickly. The majority of the cases in early March were related to a 'tabligh' convention held at the Sri Petaling mosque. Figures below shows the daily increase ( Figure 1) and growth in number of cases ( Figure 2) as of this writing

Methodology
The objective of the paper is to discuss the implementation of Autonomous Robot as Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technology approach in facing this current epidemic outbreak. In order to achieve this objective, the researcher selected 15 YouTube videos with the following keywords: (1) Robotics; (2) Robotics and COVID-19; (3) Autonomous Robots; and (4) Robotics and Pandemic The methodology used in this paper is purely qualitative by employing visual method as the method for this paper. The applications of Robotics technology during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Malaysia and 10 other countries has been identified through 15 latest and most relevant YouTube videos as listed in Table 1 below. After the analysis of the YouTube videos, few technologies of Autonomous Robot that has been proposed and applied in handling the effect of COVID-19 has been determined. Therefore, in this paper, the applications of Autonomous Robots during COVID-19 and

Discussions and Analysis
In order to analyse the obtained evidence, the researcher used Content Analysis by identifying themes known as (1) Functions, (2) Benefits, (3) How it works; (4) Outcome and (5) Issues and Challenges based on 11 countries. This information can be found in Table 2 below.  Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning together with students from the FIRST Robotics Group. CoRobot helps to deliver medications, food and medical equipment. It travels on four (4) wheels so it can turn on its axis at the robot's centre allowing for maximal movement in the crowded hospital space. This robot has camera that give a 170-degree field of view. It has two (2) trays; upper tray and lower tray, the upper tray allows you to put all sort of things and the upper tray will hold a tablet and supports a wide range of remote controls.

Italy
'Tommy the Robot Nurse' helps the frontliners during coronavirus outbreak by taking care patients and help medical staff monitor patients with COVID-19. This robot is equipped with touchscreen faces that allow patients and doctors to interact with each other without physical contact.

China
In China, there are five (5) current functions of robot which are currently being use during the COVID-19 outbreak: x Grocery delivery -Pick up items from the company's warehouse and deliver them to specified drop-off locations.
x Meal delivery -deliver meals to Beijing, Shenzhen and Guangzhou Hospital staff.
x Cooking (Foodom) -cooking at Wuhan quarantine facility where workers scan a code to collect their meals anytime, to ensure that the food is always served hot. x Cleaning (TMIRob) -do disinfection job more efficiently at hospital in Wuhan and other cities. It releases hydrogen peroxide and UV light to kill germs, and able to map own route through the hospital. Before entering a room, it will warn people inside to leave and automatically connect to charging stations when it is out of power. x Patrolling -detect fever from five (5) metres away, able to recognize if people are wearing mask or potentially ill, police can also broadcast messages through the droids. Temperature tests, mouth swabs, ultrasounds, and medication delivery are all possible with the 'Robotic Arm on Wheels.' Doctors can monitor and manage the procedures using the robot's cameras.

Rwanda
ZORA Robots Team has developed robots that can perform screening to 50 until 150 people per minute, deliver food and medications to patient's rooms, capture data and notify officers on duty about abnormalities found. This robot will perform facial recognition, temperature screening, monitoring patients' status and keep medical records of the patients.

India
In India, MITRA robot is used to screen body temperature for everyone who enter the building of Fortiss Hospital. It also delivers vital supplies and giving foods and medicine to patients. If the temperature is high, visitors will be connected to the doctor for the supervisions of symptoms.

Washington D.C, United States of America
Starship has developed 'Self-Driving Robots' that can travel within a 4-mile radius from their starting location and are monitored via smartphone. Local business uses self-driving robots to stay open during the pandemic and provide contactless delivery.

Belgium
The 'Ultraviolet Light Robots' by UVD Robots will drive itself to the room and disinfect hardto-reach areas to minimize the risk of infection. The machines ultraviolet light can quickly kill the bacteria.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, Nasal Swab Robot was developed by Brain Navi to reduce the risk of exposure towards the infection and reduce the workload of healthcare workers. This robot will take nasal swab of patients. A depth-sensing camera scans their faces and measures the distance between their nostrils and ear canals. The robot then retrieves a cotton swab from its base and approaches patient slowly. It inserts the swab, twirls it, and then withdraws the sample, which is then placed in a sterile tube for transport and analysis.

Korea
Sterilization Robot by Seoul Digital Foundation measure body temperature and sterilize negative-pressure wards by using ultraviolet light to prevent room-to-room contamination. They collect medical waste such as hospital gowns and move medical devices.

Mumbai
The 'Gollar Robot' deliver food and medicines for COVID-19 patients in Mumbai Podar Hospital. This robotic trolley will help to eliminate the physical contact and reduce the risk among medical staff who treat COVID-19 patients.

The role of Autonomous Robots in combatting COVID-19 in Malaysia
In Malaysia, MediBot V1-U is currently being developed [10]. MediBot is a 1.5-metre-tall white barrel-shaped robot on wheels with a camera and screen that allows patients to communicate with medics remotely [10]. MediBot is an invention by International Islamic University Malaysia's scientist with a purpose of reducing health workers' risk of infection [10]. This can be achieved through frequent check on COVID-19 patients since this invention also fitted with device to check patients' temperature remotely by social distancing [10]. However, it cost about RM15,000 (US$3,500) to develop, and the university intends to test it in their own private hospital, which does not treat virus patients, soon [11]. If that is successful, the scientists hope it can be used in government hospitals where people with COVID-19 are admitted [11].
We have also used Hospital Delivery Robot called 'Makcik Kiah 19' (MCK19) in assisting healthcare frontliners [19]. 'Makcik Kiah 19', or MCK19 is the First Malaysian Made Delivery Robot for hospitals developed by DF Automation & Robotics Sdn Bhd (DF), Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz (HCTM), and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) [19]. This significant collaboration aimed to assist healthcare frontliners in delivering healthcare to COVID-19 patients. The first advantage of using this robot in the hospital is that it can reduce the exposure of healthcare professionals and frontliners to patients under investigation (PUI) who may be highly contagious and require isolation [19]. Exposure can be reduced by limiting contact through robot-assisted delivery of medicines and food, also teleconference between doctors with patients [19]. This is as been advised by World Health Organisation (WHO) for people around the world to practice physical distancing thus COVID-19 transmission should be avoided at the community level. Doctors and nurses can be aided in bringing food or medication to a patient's room by using Zalpha, a DF commercial robot that can handle weights up to 300 kg in its [19]. Thus, its ability to accommodate up to 300 kg weight instead of remote autonomously will reduce health workers' risk of infection [19]. Next, the robot has an LCD screen that displays an animated face to make it more human-like, and it will soon be used for teleconferences between doctors with patients from his room or office, hence doctors does not have to visit patients' room [19]. This robot is also an Internet of Things (IoT) robot, which means it can be accessed from any PC, tablet, or phone, allowing users to communicate with it even if they are not at the hospital [19]. There is also a security feature that only allows licenced admins to access the system [19].
In addition, Malaysia has also focused on the third area on which robotics can make a difference: logistics. For example, delivery and disposal of contaminated waste. A group of students from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) has produced two (2) types of robots to help them to do their daily tasks [20]. These two (2) robots since six (6) months ago has been fully used in UiTM Sungai Buloh Hospital wards and laboratory [20]. Chief executive officer of Sailcott (M) International Sdn Bhd, Shaifull Naim Othman said it not only reduced contact between people at the hospital but also provide pleasure while on duty [20]. This robot act as assistants to their clinical support services while reducing contact of employees with clinical waste, especially COVID-19 residues [20]. At UiTM Sungai Buloh, there is a laboratory where they perform screening for this COVID-19 virus [20]. It is hoped by implementing this robot, the contact of the workers with COVID-19's residues can be reduced [20]. In addition, with the use of these robots, they have also been able to reduce the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) [20]. If the clinical waste were taken manually, the PPE they use will have to be thrown away every time their employees go to one place [20]. And when they went elsewhere, they had to apply for new PPE and had to get rid of it after they left [20]. Thus, the use of these existing robots will reduce PPE disposal at this critical time [20].
Hence, by reducing the contact between healthcare workers and patient, the need for PPEs can be reduced [20]. Healthcare workers are facing a shortage of supplies, including face masks as the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19 continues to spread worldwide [21]. Since everyone has started to realise and become aware of the pandemic effect, there are shortages of supplies like masks, ventilators, intensive care unit (ICU) capacity [22]. Besides, the increasing number of patients has also caused shortages of masks and other protective equipment [22]. Hence, medical staff are at high risk or vulnerable when shortages of testing and protective equipment happened. For example, 9% of Covid-19 cases in Italy are comprised of medical staffs [23]. In Spain, the figure is 14% [24]. Same goes to United States which has a significant rate of infection among medical staffs [24]. Meanwhile, on 3 April 2020, the number of medical staff infected with Covid-19 in Malaysia has increased by more than two-thirds to 138, from 80 recorded as at March 26 [25].

Discussions and Analysis
Instead of performing tasks like disinfecting surfaces, taking people's temperatures in public places or at ports of entry, and providing social support for quarantined patients. It is also hoped that the robot would be able to gather nasal and throat samples for testing, as well as enable people to virtually attend conferences and exhibitions [9]. However, there are still none of these specific functional robots in Malaysia that are able to collect nasal and throat samples for testing. Even if we have, there are still some features or functions need to be enhanced. Besides, the existing robots can be enhanced by using other countries as an example.
In China, an intelligent robot has been developed to perform throat swab sampling for coronavirus diagnosis to reduce the risk of cross-infection among medical personnel [26]. The robot was created in collaboration between the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Shenyang Institute of Automation and the Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health [26]. The robot is made up of a binocular endoscope, a snake-shaped mechanical arm, a human-computer interaction terminal, and wireless transmission equipment [26]. Since it operates in the pharyngeal region, the snake-like arm is considered efficient and precise [27]. Doctors can see high-definition 3D anatomical views with the binocular endoscope [27]. The robot will finish sampling quickly and gently using remote man-machine collaboration [28].
Meanwhile, some analysts have pointed out that during conventional throat swab screening, medical personnel are in close proximity to the patient, increasing the risk of cross-infection [27]. Furthermore, the accuracy and quality of throat swab results are affected by the working