Parasitic load and self-medication of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ssp. wurmbii) in Sebangau National Park Central Kalimantan Indonesia

Around 27.5% of human parasites have been found in primates. It is proposed that this parasitic load prevalence is not reflected in the specificity of the host or hosts capable of battling parasite infection. Since the dynamic of the field contributes to a broader understanding of host-parasite relationships, it is critical to proving what hosts capable of, in the first place. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to present adequate evidence of the Orangutan’s capacity to medicate itself. In September – October 2017, a swift assessment was carried out in the Punggualas area, Sebangau National Park (SNP). As per behavior procedure, a total of 72 hours follows on habitual Orangutan, on which focal behaviors, including their social behavior, have been reported every 2 minutes. All data is evaluated descriptively. Three focal orangutans, consisting of two dominant males, namely Eboy and Sander, and one independent female with an infant. The results showed that two male individuals revealed no signs of self-medication activity in their natural diets, only feeding activity. In the meanwhile, the female shows the actions. While we did not specifically find out the symptom they may have, the research outcome gained ample evidence that self-medication is performed by the Orangutan.


Introduction
The research of non-human primate parasites (NHPs) has evolved enormously in the last few decades. Their occurrence has been profound, as has the latest morphological or even molecular classification. Nonetheless, some 27.5% of human parasites have also been identified in primates. [1]. It is proposed that this parasitic load prevalence is not mirrored in the specificity of the host or hosts capable of 2 combating parasite infection. Often referred to as zoo-pharmacognosy, the animal can medicate itself. The underlying concept of this language is that animals use plants' secondary and/or non-nutritional elements to treat themselves [2]. This ability has been well documented since 1987 in the Chimpanzees [3] and the other apes [4][5][6][7]. Several studies in the bird taxa have related to these abilities [3] in the Sahara Desert region, Africa, and the Sebangau Region of Central Kalimantan [8]. The use of soft tissue plant Vernonina amygdalina Del. (Compositae) by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Mahale communities, Africa, to address complaints of nematode worms [9]. Meanwhile, the same pattern was reported for Commelina sp. (Commelinaceae) by Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) and communities in the northern part of Sebangau, Central Kalimantan [8]. The use of this plant is suspected of being anti-inflammatory because this plant is treated by rubbing on the joints or bone swelling, both by Orangutan and the local population. Such evidence has raised concerns about the parasitic strain on Orangutans. Are they about permanence? The Orangutan will defend against such an infection, either inadvertently spread, or otherwise.

Time and location
The study was conducted in the Punggualas area, the western part of Sebangau National Park Central Kalimantan ( Figure 1). It is the area on which several biodiversity research, including the orangutan behavior, has been running since 2010. The rapid assessment was launch in around September to October 2017, whereas we spot numbers of Orangutan activity during September-November periods, in the past several years.   Thus, the study area is 4 x 100 x 10,000 m2 = 4,000,000 m2 (~ 400 Ha). The team regularly travels through the main transect, looking for signs of orangutan presence (nests, long call). At the time of the encounter, the team did not record the behavior but did habituation. Habituation aims to familiarize Orangutans with the presence of observers, so gradually feel uninterrupted. The team keeps (follow) until the individual makes the night nest. At the time the Orangutan leave the nest the next day, the team should be located not far from the Orangutan nest, so that when daily activity begins, so is the behavioral record. Behavior is recorded at two minutes intervals (2 x 60 sec), according to the standard of observation of Orangutan study. If Orangutans are still in the grid, this activity will be repeated the next day, otherwise, (they're off the grid), the record is completed.

Faecal collection
We collected a small portion of Orangutan faecal samples, stored them in a vial, contains 10% formalin.
Since there was not possible to conduct on-site parasites recovery techniques at the moment, we will cross-reference to the study of [10][11][12]. As soon as arrived at the field camp, the sample was processed for transport to the Zoology Laboratory, University of Palangka Raya (UPR). The sample was processed using fecal floatation and sedimentation techniques [13].

Results and Discussions
Two males (Eboy, Sander) and a female-infant (unknown 01) cover a total of 72 hours of orangutan ( Figure 3). As they feed their natural feeding sources, the first-mentioned individuals have shown no sign of zoo-pharmacognosy behavior. The female individual, meanwhile, suggests such behavior. The selective feeding of the young leaves of Mezzetia sp., Dyera lowii, and Ilex cymosa bark is distinguished by this.

Figure 3. Total hours (cumulative) on following the habituated Orangutans in the Punggulas area
We proposed that this activity was a preventative measure against conditions of exhaustion. The ingestion of a mixture of three species of plants is thought to be consistent with endurance. This conclusion emerged after a female orangutan that followed for three consecutive days no longer appeared at the time of the next meeting. Although it is not clear whether the aforementioned plant was used to combat the Wild Orangutan's intestinal parasites, it is obvious that something that has happened is treated by Orangutan itself for certain behavior. Analysis of each portion of a secondary metabolite can be performed well, such as the research [14]. Selective feeding on particular species, however, is suspected of providing advantages not only for orangutans but also for humans concerning selfmedicated behavior. To look at orangutan feeding habits relevant to care actions, it is really helpful to list orangutan diets at site-specific and collect a list of all feeding materials. In the nearby villages, the two varieties of plants used by the traditional physician are Uncaria gambir and Pternandra galeata [15]. One of the two types of natural feed for orangutans is P. galeata, based on the list of orangutans feeding types. There is an imperative for the habitual orangutan to further explore self-medication behavior in their natural environment.
Since we were unable to recover parasites from our small portions of Orangutan fecal samples, we switched to creating checklists for Wild Orangutan intestinal parasites (Table 2), minus the number of captive orangutan observations. Therefore, as a reference for future work, we will establish the basis of the gastrointestinal parasite. In the wild Bornean Orangutan, Table 2 revealed the compilation work. Here, we can see that the parasite load was determined by the process of recovery that researchers deployed. While it originally represented the intent of the study, the wealth of parasites appears to vary among researchers.  It was obvious that the fecal was apparently sampled once, or else the so-called collection of snapshot data. However, we can specifically claim that common parasites that were protozoans, i.e. genus There is much to investigate for the study, later on, especially the linkage between terrestrial locomotion, dilution effects on the prevalence of parasites on wild Bornean Orangutan, specifically P.p. würmbii. We propose that terrestrial locomotion will allow for open transmission over soil nematodes, while the impact of dilution will minimize the likelihood of direct transmission as well as prevent parasites from recognizing their particular target. Furthermore, as [16] to obtain the most accurate estimate of infection prevalence, researchers have recommended using individual-based study designs with repeated sampling of individuals, which will be an important point for further study design.

Conclusion
We can draw a conclusion based on the findings that the Orangutan can medicate themselves by utilized a non-natural diet on specific plants. The number of parasites on the Wild Orangutans should be resampled to cover the host specificity of the parasites.