Campus Operational Carbon Assessment Based on Low Carbon City Framework (LCCF)

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) is Malaysia’s largest institution of higher learning (IHE). The university is based on 13 state campuses and 21 satellite campuses. The state of Selangor has the largest number of UiTM campuses, and the main anchor campus is located in the state capital, Shah Alam. As for UiTM which is committed to implement the low carbon cities framework program focusing on five GHG reduction elements through energy, mobility, waste, water; and greenery and water bodies. This study reveals the carbon operational assessment in UiTM campus located in Shah Alam, Selangor using city-based approach within the Low Carbon City Framework (LCCF) which are; urban environment, urban infrastructure, building criteria.


Introduction
Climate change has prompted action around the world to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as evidenced by the Paris Agreement, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, as well as local, regional and national initiatives aimed at reducing emissions across all sectors [1]. The Low Carbon Cities (LCC) is defined as a city that comprises of societies that consume sustainable green technology, green practices and emit relatively low carbon or GHG as compared with present-day practice to avoid the adverse impacts on climate change [2]. LCCF is one of the most essential tools applied in local authorities as guiding blueprint for low carbon cities amongst local authority's community [3]. Most local authorities used LCCF as a self-monitoring tool for management in understanding the realities of the carbon situation, and to make informed decisions or plan internally or locally by familiarizing the carbon emitter variables and easy to adapt by the local community by enhancing their knowledge on how their 'footprint' is being determined [4]. Low Carbon City relates to carbon minimization in all sectors by developing a society that emits GHG only in an amount that can be absorbed by nature and achieving a lifestyle that realizes the richer quality of life [2].  [6]. As a university which can be considered as "small cities" which may have a massive impact on the environment due to their activities, movement of goods and persons inside campuses [6]. [7] define sustainable development for higher education as "a higher educational institution, as a whole or as a part, that addresses, involves and promotes, on a regional or a global level, the minimization of negative environmental, economic, societal, and health effects generated in the use of their resources to fulfil its functions of teaching, research, outreach and partnership, and stewardship in ways to help society make the transition to sustainable lifestyles". It was observed that high CO2 emission resulted from electricity energy consumption, and the highest emission in the transport sector was produced by commuting vehicles while emission from service delivery for cooling, lighting and other equipment [8]. Thus, the establishment of low carbon assessment initiatives is a crucial task in determining the source of carbon contributed to the campus [8]. Also, the products of direct and indirect activities such as classrooms, laboratories, offices and the consumption of food and drinks generate negative environmental impacts [9]. The combine activities of the global university population constitute significant energy use; hence, universities offer great potential for sustainability practices models of [8] [10]. Thus, the study has adopted the city-based approach where criteria within the Low Carbon City Framework (LCCF) which are; urban environment, urban infrastructure, building criteria were assessed in the campus.

Study site
Universiti

Method
In general, four components of performance criteria were used in this study; urban environment, urban infrastructures and building are being used in the Low Carbon City Framework (LCCF) and assessment system [3]. The data compute and processed into the LCCF 3 also based on the consistency of data availability. The establishment of the UiTM LCCF method covers four stages as below: i) Recognize the Key Partners & Stakeholders ii) Establish the baseline data (data identification and availability) and boundary iii) Develop Campus Strategy (Define Objectives and Set the Target) iv) Implementation and review of the UiTM LCCF Boundary

Results and Discussion
Hence, it was used as the total area of UiTM LCCF assessment which is where the waste produced, energy consumption and water used was recorded. Based on data available, the baseline data established covers waste generation and water usage for the year 2015, while monthly energy consumption record in kilowatt-hour, kWh for the year 2015 for baseline data. The details data from the three sectors are as follow: i.
Water  Whilst, there are continuous strategies have been implemented to ensure good utility of water supplies. Water utilities are some of the first to cope with the impacts of climate change leading to water scarcity, water quality and flooding challenges in campus. Indeed, also contribute to global emission from energy consumption as well as nitrous oxide and methane emission from wastewater management [11]. In UiTM, the effort was established to reduce the non-revenue water, (NRW) due to pipe breaking. Table  1 show continuous strategies are implemented to ensure good water management in campus. The water efficient appliances usage was installed to control volume of water in air-conditioning system in most building in campus. The installation of low and dual flush model for toilet and pipeline were replaced to improve water distribution in campus. Energy Sector: Data for on-site fossil fuel consumption and grid electricity in the entire gross internal area of UiTM-owned buildings is collected from the UiTM Development Infrastructure Office [11].   There are implemented and undergoing strategies to ensure the energy efficiency in the campus for energy-efficient appliances usages such as LED lighting, inverter air-cond and precision air-cond with an inverter, Photovoltaic roof solar panel at particular building with a total of 20kW, Smart Building Installation of photocell sensor at Engineering Complex as in Figure 5. Nonetheless, the most costeffective ways to save energy and reduce GHG emissions is through changing energy-consuming habits and behaviours [12]. As a higher education institution through education role, the university invests the awareness-raising campaigns addressed to the campus community. At the national level, the transformation behaviour through improving environmental awareness is critical to ensuring Malaysia's sustainable transition to a low-carbon country, although it takes time and challenging [1]. In this case, which reward or incentives approach would also increase the attractiveness of the campus community in participating in any sustainable program.  Figure 3 shows the increasing pattern of carbon emitted from generated waste. It has been found that the current waste management practices at in UiTM were landfilled and small scale of reduction of solid waste through composting and recycling effort. Communities, such as academic universities and higher education institutions, produce a large quantity of waste on a daily basis [13]. A college campus has the potential to create environmental sustainability projects because of its size and influence on surrounding populations. This is causing various environmental impacts, most notably global warming [14]. Suggested by [15] the combination of 70% recycling, 29% incineration and 1% landfill could reduce global warming potential by 47% compared to the current waste management practice, and that this could be achieved at an affordable cost. The study reveals that a substantial amount of carbon from energy consumption in building contributing more but waste reductions initiative gives more percentage of overall carbon emissions reduction. As a matter of fact institute of higher education should strategize in waste management or prioritizes practices from waste prevention to the landfill since it is one of the fastest, easiest, most cost-effective short-term climate solutions, i.e., zero waste strategies are a cost-effective climate solution. In line with the nation's commitment was announced to the global community, the operational approaches to meet sustainability goals in the universities are diverse and the practices are very broad and include improved environmental performances that may not necessarily be equivalent to sustainability. Sustainability is linked with setting quantitative targets in areas such as energy use, water use, use of land, purchases of product and emissions to air, water and land and achieving sustainability in the university is a process of setting goals to determine the extent of the aspects of the university required to be sustained [16].

Conclusion
The paper provided an overview of UiTM carbon commitment is to reduce 45% emission intensity by 2030 from the baseline of the year 2015. A city-based approach is chosen for the whole campus with