The activities of the integration of oil palm and cattle (ISAPI) by group of farmer and its development strategy in Lamandau district, Central Kalimantan Province

The sustainable cattle farming approach is integrated with plants and the most potential is the oil palm plantation industry, because the potential of feed resources is cheap and abundant available. The research activities carried out in the Farmer Group in Lamandau district after 3 years of introduction of oil palm-cattle integration (ISaPi) through the introduction of technology for making organic fertilizer and complete feed based on the oil palm plantation industry. The information was obtained from primary data through interviews with farmer groups and key informants from the Agriculture Service and PBS of Oil palm during the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and secondary data was obtained from study desks. Field survey was also conducted. Data were analyzed descriptively and SWOT. Lamandau Regency is ideal for developing ISaPi activities, because of the potential feed resources from the oil palm plantation industry, in the form of oil palm fronds, solid palm oil and palm kernel meal (BIS). Oil palm plantations in Lamandau District with an area of 175,480.46 ha if only 25% of ISaPi activities have the potential to develop livestock around 73,977 animals throughout the year, due to the supply of solid palm oil from 1 PKS, forage in the oil palm area and oil palm fronds. There are 10 farmer of groups and One individual that consistently applies ISaPi activities with various models of application adjusted to the availability of human resources, access to palm oil mills (PKS) and capital from each farmer group. The difference in the application of ISaPi is in the formulation of animal feed (solid palm only or complete feed) and the allotment of organic fertilizer that was produces. Increased productivity and income from the farming is a major factor in ISaPi’s activities keep it running. The strategy for developing of ISaPi activities in Lamandau District by taking into account existing of internal and external factors is to maximize the utilization of the potential of existing resources to increase farm productivity (palm, livestock and horticulture) and diversify farm income by applying technology that is already available and controlled by groups of farmer. With the application of technology, it will be able to increase the added value of products which it was produced. The limiting factors such as access to PKS, product marketing and capital were need support and commitment from related parties, especially the local government and this has been initiated by the local government.


Introduction
The efforts to develop ruminant livestock production require the availability of stable and quality feed, because feed is a determining factor for the success and continuity of production businesses. Feed costs are the highest component (60−75%) of all livestock production costs [1,2], so that the development of production technology is mostly directed at increasing feed efficiency. The importance of feed resources in increasing livestock productivity can be seen in the PSDSK sensitivity analysis reported by [3,4]. The availability of feed plays an important role and is one of the factors that influence the rate of growth of livestock after weaning [4]. Thus animal husbandry must be brought close to animal feed sources whose availability is sufficient, continuous and does not compete with human needs.
Based on the results of research was conducted by Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development that the criteria for feed resources can be fulfilled from the oil palm plantation industry. Considering oil palm plantations are growing rapidly in most provinces in Indonesia with an area of + 11 million Ha [5]. Some types of waste that have potential as animal feed are solid palm oil and palm kernel cake (BIS) [6,7]. The potential of such a large oil palm plantation opens opportunities for the development of livestock, especially beef cattle. To increase livestock productivity needs to be supported by technological innovations that are ready to be applied.
The integrated cattle farming with the palm oil plantation industry has led to four integrated activities at once, namely: (1) the by-product feed industry based on the oil palm plantation industry, 2) the cow calf operation industry, (3) the beef cattle fattening industry, and (4) organic fertilizer industry. The philosophy of integration applied is the utilization of by-products of the oil palm plantation industry as animal feed and the use of livestock manure for fertilizer. The oil palm-cattle integration the farmers' profits were 10.56% -16.49% higher compared to without the oil palm-cattle integration farming [8]. Profit indications were also reported by [9] with a reduction in fertilizer costs of around 30-50%.
The objective of this paper was to provide information on the implementation of oil palm-catlle integration activities at the farmer group level, the problems encountered and their development strategies in Lamandau District, Central Kalimantan.

Materials
The research activities carried out in farmer groups in Lamandau District after 3 years of introduction of oil palm-cattle integration (ISaPi) through the introduction of technology for making organic fertilizer and complete feed based on the oil palm plantation industry. The object of observation was 11 farmer groups that have implemented ISaPI activities.
The main materials during the introduction of the ISaPi activity primarily for the production of complete feed were solid oil palm, palm kernel cake (BIS), palm fronds and a few other additives in small portions such as molasses and minerals. Feed materials, fertilizer materials, cattle, cages, fertilizer processing facilities, feed and organic fertilizer equipment were provided by the Pande Makmur Farmers Group. The location of the Pande Makmur Farmers Group was used as a place for participants' practice and at the same time as a center of excellent of ISaPi activities where other farmer groups can learn and practice in that location.

Methods
Activities were carried out through primary and secondary data collection. Primary data were obtained through direct interviews with farmer groups and information gathering during the process of implementing Focus Group Discussion (FGD). FGDs were held 3 times. Besides the group of farmer, representatives of the Oil Palm Mill (PKS), related agencies in term of Agricultural Services and representatives of Bank were invited. Information during the FGD was one of the sources for formulating external and internal factors in the SWOT analysis. Secondary data were obtained through desk study and from the relevant Government Services in Lamandau District.
The introduction of complete feed technology was done through technical guidance (Bimtek) starting from the preparation of a complete feed formulation and its application directly to cattle until observing weight gain. This was to provide evidence to farmer groups as a result of the application of technology. Also given the practice of making solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer (biourin). Monitoring and assistance were conducted every year for 3 years.
The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and in tabular form to facilitate evaluation. The strategy for developing ISaPi activities in Lamandau District was carried out using SWOT analysis (Strengths, Opportunities, Weakness, Threats). The SWOT assessment system is often considered to have a degree of subjectivity, but by using information in the field and the justification of related informants who understand the problems in the field, according to [10] the nature of the subjectivity can be reduced or in other words the results of the analysis can be scientifically justified. The SWOT analysis was carried out to formulate a strategy for developing ISaPi activities in Lamandau District. Analysis is based on logic that can maximize strengths and opportunities, but simultaneously minimize weaknesses (Weaknesses) and threats (Threats).  [11]. Beef cattle population in Lamandau District was reported 3,956 with the most population in Bulik District 1,172 heads (29.63%), second in Sematu Jaya District 915 heads (23.13%) and the smallest population in Batangkawa District 155 heads (3.92% ) [12].

Potential of oil palm plantations for the development of cattle in Lamandau District
At present the oil palm and rubber commodities are still the leading commodities in Lamandau District. Both of these commodities have the highest production value and the largest area compared to other plantation commodities. The oil palm plantation sector is excellent because the type of land in Lamandau District is very good for oil palm plantations [13]. Oil palm plantations in Lamandau District are spread across in 7 sub-districts with a total area of plantations (smallholders + PBS of Oil Palm) of 175,480.46 Ha and with a production of 288,856.76 tons (table 1).
Based on information from various sources and BPS reports (2017) there are 16 oil palm plantation companies operating in Lamandau District and the results of field monitoring at least 3 Palm Oil Mill (PKS) that produce solid of oil palm that have been utilized by farmer groups, namely PT. Gemaraksa Mekarsari (GM), PT. First Lamandau Timber International (FLTI) and PT. Sawit Mahardika Graha (SMG). Especially for PT. Gemaraksa Mekarsari produces 80-100 tons of solid of oil palm per day [14]. Source: [15,16] If the average of PT. Gemaraksa Mekarsari produces 90 tons/day, can fulfill the needs of feed 21.333 cattles /day (If solid is given 1.5% of cattle body weight with an average body weight of 250 kg/head). Especially if added by the production of solid oil palm from the other of two factories, the number of cattle will be more. Animal feed forage in the per hectare of oil palm plantation area can hold 1 head of cattle [9]. If 25% of the total area of oil palm plantations in Lamandau District is integrated with cattle can accommodate around 43,870 head of cattle. The oil palm fronds which are currently used as a complete mixed feed ingredient for cattle, adding to the available feed resources from the oil palm plantations themselves. Available oil palm fronds are 7.2 kg/day/ha [17], If the cattle needs 10% of body weight (assuming 250 kg), then the availability of the oil palm fronds can fulfill 0.2 heads/day/ha, so that the potential of oil palm plantations can fulfill 1.2 heads/ha. With an area of 175,480.46 oil palm plantations, if only 25% can be integrated with cattle, it can accommodate the needs of cattle feed as many as 52,644 heads. Thus by utilizing the byproducts of PKS (1 PKS) namely solid and the byproducts of oil palm plantations (forage between plants and palm fronds), Lamandau District has the potential to develop as many as 73,977 head of cattle throughout the year. This extraordinary potential has not yet been exploited due to the lack of information to the farmers community, and the difficulty in getting access to solid collection for certainly PKS.
Solid oil palm is currently the main source of cattle feed in Lamandau District because it is cheap and has good nutritional content for cattle development [17]. Solid oil palm can replace rice bran in concentrate feed and positively influence in ransom consumption, efficient in using of energy and protein [18]. Several companies in Central Kalimantan have used solid oil palm as additional feed for cattle, such as PT Korin III, PT Sulung Ranch, PT. Medco, and PT. Astra. Whereas the people's farms that have developed using these material feed among others are KUD Tani Subur and P4S Karya Baru Mandiri. All of which are in Kotawaringin Barat District [17].
Another potential feed resource is palm kernel cake (BIS). The Palm Oil Mill (PKS) which produces BIS in Lamandau District is PT. FITL. BIS potential as a livestock feed resources besides solid oil palm because it contains nutrients (PK: 14-17%) is better than solid oil palm [6]. This feed material is suitable as ruminant animal feed concentrate, but its use must be given together with other feed material [19]. The results of research and during monitoring in the farmer groups show that feed formulations consisting of solid oil palm, BIS, oil palm fronds that have been extracted, molasses, urea and minerals into the complete feed as a source of fiber and protein have a price of Rp.950,-/kg, -Rp.1,000,-/kg. The feed was good quality but inexpensive, and producing better of cattle development. As a complete feed, there is no need grass anymore because the fiber needs have been fulfilled [17].

The development model of oil palm-cattle integration in farmer groups
Technology dissemination in the form of a complete formulation of feed based on the byproduct of the oil palm plantation industry, processing of solid organic fertilizer and liquid fertilizer (biourin) at ISaPI activities was introduced to farmer groups in the form of direct practice. The introduction of this technology to farmer groups and not individuals because according to [20], it is more efficient to do with groups. A number of 10 farmer groups and one individual who adopted ISaPi activities, each of them differed in its application (Table 1) and it was very dependent on existing human resources, access to PKS and capital. Adoption works when the farmer groups get the benefit because there is an increase in productivity of their farming activities. This is in line with what was conveyed by [21] that technology introduced to farmer groups is a lever and use of technology according to [22]and [23]did influence in increasing agricultural productivity.
Reportedly at the training site, the productivity of oil palm plantations increased by about 20% [24], average daily gain of BX Cattle was 0.99 kg /head/day [17], income from horticulture which was given solid and liquid organic fertilizer was 600 rb / day [25]. Lower feed prices and the provision of organic fertilizer cause the cattle farming more efficient and profitable. These things that enable ISaPi activities with various models can run.
Related to other farmer groups that are still unable to implement due to limited human resources, access to PKS and Capital, the solution offered by the established farmer groups (Pande Makmur and Mitra Tani Sejahtera), is to help provide complete feed. The payment is according to the agreement that has been arranged before, it can even be bartered with cattle manure. In Pande Makmur of Farmer Group, fertilizer processing machines require large amounts of cattle manure and its ready to barter complete feed with its manure.
The problem that pay attention is the difficulty in getting feed materials from the by-products of oil palm mill (PKS). Because the demand for feed materials even though it is only in the form of waste (byproduct) must be done procedurally, namely through a written request. This is usually always avoided by farmers because it is troublesome and they are not accustomed to come the factory. For this reason, it is necessary supporting of the local government in this case it is the relevant agencies to be able to bridge between the farmers and the PBS of oil palm.

The strategy for developing of oil palm-cattle integration (ISaPi) in Lamandau District
The ISaPi activities in Lamandau District have great potential to advance agricultural development, especially cattle development, so that they also have the potential to drive the economy in the region. Some problems are still encountered, the indication is that not all farmer groups can carry out ISaPI activities. Based on internal factors consisting of strengths and weaknesses as well as external factors which include opportunities and threats, the formulation of strategies for developing ISaPi activities in Lamandau District is presented in table 3.