Rice productivity on tidal swampland in the agricultural assisitance area program in Barito Kuala Regency South Kalimantan

Food needs that continue to increase rapidly along with population growth and the conversion of optimal paddy fields to non-agricultural land make sub-optimal land an alternative rice-producing land. One of the sub-optimal land being developed for use as a source of rice production is tidal land. The purpose of this research is to improve the productivity and feasibility of rice farming by supervising double row technology in tidal land in Barito Kuala Regency. The performance of rice the new superior varieties of Inpara 2, inpara 8, inpari 32, inpari 40 and inpari 42 in the tidal swampland in the 2018 dry season are quite good. How to plant with super double row planting increases productivity by 43% compared to ordinary planting. The highest productivity with super double row is Inpara 2 variety (5.83 t / ha), then inpari 42 (5.19 t/ha), Inpara 8 (4.78 t/ha), Inpari 40 (4.23 t/ha), Inpara 3 (3.85 t / ha) and Inpari 32 (2.54 t/ha). The planting method with super double row gives an RC ratio of 2.07 and a R/C ratio of 1.07. Whereas the R/C ratio planting of the farmer way is 1.60. And the MBCR (marginal benefit-cost ratio) super double row 2.41. This shows that rice farming using super double row provides benefits and worth applying.


Introduction
One of the alternative to fulfil the needs of food is with the utilization of the sub-optimal field like tidal swampland, that many found in South Kalimantan. In South Kalimantan, tidal swampland has 188,908 ha and 113,998 ha located in Barito Kuala district [1]. Around 77.21 % has already been used for agricultural land. That land has potentially developed to be rice production land.
Some biggest problems that have been faced if tidal swampland fields becoming crops land is the water regulation still not good enough, low level of soil fertility, very low pH, and high content of pyrite. This condition has made soil productivity and the crops become low. The most important thing in managing swampland is water management. The function of water management is not just to decrease or increase the availability of water surface, but also to decrease the soil acidity, to prevent the oxidized pyrite layer, and to wash the toxic substances that accumulate in the plants rooting zone [2,3,4].
There are three approach that can be done to develop tidal swampland to become agricultural land; (1) applying land technology management that are water regulation, soil, nutrient and ameliorant ingredients, (2) using plant and tolerant varieties to land condition and farmer preferences, and (3) mix of both. The first approach is a bit expensive and difficult because it needs additional power, tools and cost but produce well. Meanwhile, the second approach is rather easy and cheap. The third approach is the best alternative because not just it fixed the quality and land productivity but also gives the optimal result [5].
Double row system is an engineering technology to obtained plants population more than 160,000 ha -1 . Super double row technology is a rice field cultivation technology based on double row plating 2:1. Besides using the double row system 2:1, important component from super double row technology are: 1) the new paddy's superior varieties potentially high result; 2) biodecomposer that gave together when soil cultivation (second plough); 3) organic fertiliser applied through seed treatment and balance fertilization based on soil test kits for tidal swampland (PUTR); 4) controlling plant pests using vegetable pesticides and inorganic pesticides based on threshold of control, and 5) agricultural tools and machinery [6]. The purpose of this paper is to increase the productivity with super double row technology and feasibility of farming in tidal swamp field in Barito Kuala district.

Materials and Methods
The assessment was done on 4 farmers, in Jejangkit Muara village (tidal swamp type B overflow), Barito Kuala district in the dry season (July-Nov) 2018. Treatment given are varieties and planting way: A. Inpara 2 squared planting system (existing) B. Inpara 2 super double row planting system C. Inpara 3 super double row planting system D. Inpara 8 super double row planting system E. Inpari 32 super double row planting system F. Inpari 40 super double row planting system G. Inpari 42 super double row planting system Assessment using random group layout with 4 replications (=4 farmers). Every treatment on field area around 0,20 ha, field total is 5,6 ha. The use of Inpari varieties was meant to understand the varieties adaptation to tidal swamp field that was given lime (2 t/ha) and biological microbes.
Super double row technology that is being used are: double row planting (25 x 10-15 cm) x 50 cm; lime given 2000 kg/ha; microbes given that function to quicken the organic matter decomposition (Biodecomposer), and microbes that function as biological fertiliser, seed treatment; balance fertilization, with fertilization 100 kg urea ha -1 +400 kg ponska ha -1 , and given three times (7, 35 and 50 DAP).
Observation variables include yield component and yield crops that is plant height, the maximum number of tillers, panicle number, panicle length, the amount of grain each panicle, the weight of 1000 seeds, productivity. The data obtained were analyzed using variance and Different Real Honest test with level 5%. Input data and output in farming collected to analyze the financial fairness to production cost. The farming income that calculated is return and cost ratio (R/C), benefit and cost ratio (B/C) and Marginal Benefit-Cost Ratio (MBCR) to knowing the level of farming fairness introduction compared to conventional farming.

Land fertility conditions of location
The result of soil analyzed in the laboratory can be seen in Table 1, showing that the soil in assessment location is very acid, with soil Fe contained is very high (240.6 ppm). On flooded land condition, in the reduced state, a change of insoluble iron occurred (Fe 3+ ) to soluble iron (Fe 2+ ) that has been done by reducing microbes Fe [7,8]. High level of soluble Fe can cause paddy gets iron Assessment location has low fertility, can be seen by the low pH and nutrient content around medium-low. Iron toxicity on plant can be happening if: 1) High concentration Fe +2 in soil solvent that caused by strong reducing condition in soul and/or low pH, 2) Low nutrient status and unbalance in soil, 3) Lack of root oxidation and low exclusion power Fe +2 by root that is caused by nutrient deficiency P, Ca, Mg or K, 4) Lack root oxidation power (exclusion Fe +2 ) caused by material accumulation that inhibits respiration (H 2 S, FeS, organic acid), 5) Organic matter application is not yet decomposed, 6) Fe supply continuously from under surface water or lateral seepage from higher place [7.10,11].

Yield component and crops yield
The growth of paddy that is planted in double row super generally showing the planting growth is better than the farmer's way. Inpara 8 is higher than the others, and the tillers amount and panicle amount Inpari 40 is higher. Panicle Inpara 3 is longer, meanwhile, the grain amount of Inpara 2 and Inoari 42 is greater. The lowest presentation of empty grain amount is Inpara 2 and Inpara 3 ( Table 2).
Planting system of double row 2:1 is alternating planting between two rows of rice plants and one empty row, by paying attention to the array of plants. The benefit of double row planting system 2:1 is making all planting lines to be side plants. The advantage of the side plants is better sunlight reception and better air circulation, nutrient content more equal, and to simplify the plant maintenance [12]. Good growth plants are able to absorb nutrients in a greater amount, the availability of the nutrients in soil effecting to plants activities include the photosynthesis activity, so that plant can increase the growth and production. The higher growth plant produced on higher plants population in one overlay. The higher growth plant does not guarantee the plant productivity also high [13].
Tillers formation influenced by genetic traits and environmental conditions that is appropriate with the plant's growth. Higher plants are using more assimilate to form stem and leaves rather than to form tillers [14]. Tillers amount will be maximum if plants have better genetic traits and environmental conditions that are appropriate with the plant's growth and plants development. also includes the range of planting. because the planting range determined the sun radiation and nutrient competition [15].
Panicle amount is determined by the number of tillers that grown before primordial face [16]. and the possibility of tillers to formed last panicle can't produce it with fully filled grains so that it is possible to produce empty grains. Stated that the photosynthesis rate on the header is limited to the availability of CO 2 around the leaves. Therefore if the amount of plants is higher in one clump. then the leaves position will coincide causing the competition to use CO 2 around the leaves [17].
The length of panicle is influenced more by genetic traits. Variety of Inpara 2 farmer's way is not that different from super double row. The longer the panicle that is formed the more opportunity grains can be collected by panicle. Grains amount on plants with super double row technology is higher than farmer's way. Grains pithy amount and formed seeds weight in one panicle is very depending on the photosynthesis process from plants during its growth.
Percentage of empty grains cause by environmental factors that are the availability and nutrients balance. and there is stem borer attack on paddy so that it affected the percentage of empty grains (Observation data that attacked by stem borer on paddy shows on Table 4). Weight of 1000 grain on plant depends on the shape and size of seeds. this largely determined by genetic traits. slightly by environmental and photosynthesis result. High and low the weight of seeds depend from whether or not the dry material contained in the seed. Dry material in seed contained from photosynthesis result that is further can be used to fill the seed [18].
Plants productivity with double row super planting increased the production till 43% than with farmer's way. This caused by the effect of side plants that gave high production and better grains quality. increase the amount of population/clumps plants each hectare. there is empty room for water regulation. increasing the number of sunlight plants received optimally useful in photosynthesis process [19]. Planting range affected the panicle length. grains amount each panicle. and paddy result for each ha. This suspected caused by the effect of double row system. where plants got enough nutrient supply. water and sunlight. Therefore will cause the photosynthesis process to occur optimally. Utilization of empty room on legowo planting system caused the photosynthesis process continuously effective on the generative phase. photosynthesis result is brought more to seeds so the result of the grain is higher. Moreover. there is an improvement of growth plants environmental with chalk given. the use of decomposer microbes and organic fertiliser. The lime application makes soil nutrient become more available and added the elements of Ca and Mg. decomposer microbes making the organic material on field decomposed quickly so that it's beneficial for the plants. The organic fertilizer that is given as seed treatment. increasing the plant growth so the growth of plants is faster and can adapt more to unwell environmental.

Farming Analysis
Financial analysis from input and output data showing. profit that obtained from using super double row technology is higher around Rp 13,593,500 than farmer's way. Return and cost ratio of super double row technology is 2.07. farmer's way 1.60. R/C ratio is a comparison between receipt (Return) with business costs, if RC ratio > 1. means farming is profitable. RC ratio 2.07 means every Rp 1 capital that is issued will give income Rp 2.07. Meanwhile. BC ratio is a comparison between proft that obtained by cost issued in one planting period. Value of B/C on super double row technology 1.07, higher than existing 0.60. Means, every Rp 1 capital that is issued will give profit 1.07. Farming rated worthy and give benefit if MBCR (Marginal Benefit-Cost Ratio) score > 1. From the result of MBCR score super double row 2.41. It means super double row technology is worth to use. Super double row farming is more efficient than non super double row farming in input usage. Super double row farming technology rated worthy as it is shown by the higher score of MBCR.

Conclusion
The ferformance of rice the new superior varieties of Inpara 2. inpara 8. inpari 32. inpari 40 and inpari 42 in the tidal swampland in the 2018 dry season are quite good. Super double row system increases productivity by 43% compared to ordinary planting. The highest productivity with super double row is Inpara 2 variety (5.83 t ha -1 ). then inpari 42 (5.19 t ha -1 ). Inpara 8 (4.78 t ha -1 ). Inpari 40 (4.23 t ha -1 ). Inpara 3 (3.85 t ha -1 ) and Inpari 32 (2.54 t ha -1 ). The planting method with Super double row gives an R/C ratio of 2.07 and a BC ratio of 1.07. Whereas the RC planting ratio of the farmer way is 1.60. And the MBCR (marginal benefit-cost ratio) super double row 2.41. This shows that rice farming using double row super provides benefits and worth applying.