Policy Analysis of Poverty Alleviation in Semarang City Using Spatial and Sectoral Approach

Poverty is a multidimensional problem. Therefore, poverty reduction policy is not only related to the increase of income, but also various other dimensions such as improvement of education, health, quality of life, access to electricity, access to sanitation and water supply. Semarang City Government in 2012 initiated a policy of poverty reduction synergy program called “Gerdu Kempling”. Gerdu Kempling is an integrated policy which gives priority to addressing poverty in each village and sub-district in Semarang based on aspects of health, economy, education, infrastructure, and environment. Based on the results of Budget Allocation Analysis and Analysis of Geographic Information Systems (Poverty Mapping), it can be concluded that the program and budget allocation for poverty alleviation in Semarang City are not synchronized either spatially or sectorally.


Introduction
Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses the lack of opportunities, lack of empowerment, lack of security and malnutrition and poor health. Poverty not only has the connotation of the shortage of economic factors but also includes missing out on opportunities, lack of access to or exclusion from social services and other social deprivation [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].
Poverty is a state of lack of goods and services needed to attain a decent standard of living, since the standard of living is different, so there is no universal concept of poverty Levitan in Effendi [9]. The problems of poverty, especially in urban areas, are generally characterized by the inability of the poor to access basic infrastructure and facilities. In addition, inadequate environmental conditions with quality housing and settlements are far below the standards of eligibility and uncertain livelihoods. Lack of access to these resources will result in poverty being difficult to overcome and the poor will be trapped in a culture of poverty resulting in behavioral attitudes that tend to be fatalistic and helpless. Therefore, poverty reduction policy is not only related to the increase of income, but also various other dimensions such as improvement of education, health, quality of life, access to electricity, access to sanitation and water supply.  Poverty is a spatially heterogeneous phenomenon, i.e. poor people tend to be clustered in specific places. The geographic variation in the incidence and magnitude of poverty is often due to factors with spatial dimensions, such as natural resource endowments, and access to services such as health care and education [10]. As part of the wider debate about the causes of poverty and specifically the interventions needed to alleviate poverty, researchers, development practitioners and policy makers are increasingly using poverty maps to visualize the spatial dimensions of poverty [10][11][12][13].
Recent development of the poverty mapping methodology has enabled usto estimate poverty indicators at a level of small areas and analyze the local-level relationship between poverty and other geographic factors. Some of the evidence of increased use of poverty maps can be found in Henninger and Snel [14] Poverty maps are an increasingly popular mode of visualizing the spatial dimension of poverty. They help guide priority-setting and target poverty-alleviation interventions. The utility of poverty maps can be enhanced by spatially disaggregating the underlying causes of poverty.
The research was conducted to assess the budget allocation for each poverty indicator (based on Mayor's Regulation No. 18C of 2009) [15] for each region (sub-district). Indicators of poverty include vulnerable to the economy, prone to clean water and prone to sanitation. Ideally between sectoral and spatial aspects should be synchronized, meaning the higher the level of vulnerability of an indicator poverty in a region (sub -district), then the higher the budget allocated for the region, vice a versa.

Data and Methods
Data on the population that categorized as vulnerable to the economy, vulnerable to clean water and sanitation prone as well as data on the budget allocation for each sector for each sub-district source from the Regional Development Planning Board of Semarang City. This research is a quantitative approach and using Budget Analysis and Geographic Information System (Poverty Maps). Both analysis methods are used to analyze the synchronization between the amount of budget allocation and the level of vulnerability (economy, sanitation and clean water) in each sub-district in Semarang City.
The economically vulnerable population is seen from the indicator of job type, amount of income, and ability to meet basic needs. Population prone to clean water are seen from the indicators of household access to clean water. Sanitary prone populations are seen from indicators of basic sanitation facilities owned by households.

The Amount of Poor House Hold and Poor Population by Sub District and Village
The highest number of poor people is in North Semarang Subdistrict which is 46.100 inhabitants. Second , West Subdistrict which is 40.043 inhabitants The majority of the poor population are in the coastal area of Semarang City (Tabel 1).

Povery Allevation Program of Semarang City
Semarang City Government accelerated poverty reduction (poverty reduction strategy) through GERDU KEMPLING (Integrated Movement in Health, Economy, Education, Infrastructure and Environment). The importance of poverty reduction program is because high poverty can also affect economic development in Semarang City. Gerdu Kempling's description is an Integrated Movement involving all stakeholders in this case City Government, Universities, State-Owned Enterprises, Private Companies, Banking which together work together to solve the problem of poverty covering all aspects and summarized in 5 areas: Health, Economy, Education, Infrastructure and Environment. The objectives of Gerdu Kempling as a strategy to accelerate poverty reduction in Semarang City by synergizing the city government program with the existing stakeholders, namely PTN and PTS, NGO, banking, BUMN, public figure. In order to optimize all potential in Semarang City in accelerating poverty alleviation so that poverty reduction program goals and targets can be achieved efficiently and effectively. Another goal is to minimize obstacles and problems in accelerating the achievement of integrated, integrated, synergy and sustainable poverty alleviation programs. Gerdu Kempling program is implemented by providing capital assistance, goods assistance, and skills training. In addition, there are also rescue, empowerment and strengthening programs realized through health, economic, education, infrastructure development and environmental development programs

Economic Vulnerability
The distribution of poor people categorized as vulnerable to the economy is in North Semarang Subdistrict, 13,371 inhabitants. The high economic vulnerability in North Semarang Sub-district due to the lack of available sources of income in the sub-district. The absence of facilities as a place to earn income due to environmental problems North Sub District Semarang often experience rob and flood, thus causing the absence of centers of activity. In addition, the source of income obtained by local residents is also not sufficient in every day / month. For details can be seen in Figure 1

Clean Water Vulnerability
Districts with poor people who are prone to access to clean water are North Semarang Subdistrict (largest number), East Semarang, Semarang Barat, South Semarang, and Tembalang. The number of poor people who are prone to access to clean water in North Semarang Sub-district is 4,816 people, not much different from West Semarang Sub-District, which is 4,602 people.

Sanitation Vulnerability
Kecamatan with the number of poor people prone to sanitation is in North Semarang District. The low quality of the environment in North Semarang Sub-district is one of the consequences of poor sanitation in residential areas. Not only in North Semarang Subdistrict, similar conditions are found in other coastal areas and some slums in Semarang City.

Alocation of Budgetting for Economy Sector
Sub-districts that receive the highest budget allocation in economic sector are Kecamatan Tugu, Mijen Sub-district and Genuk Sub-district. The lowest allocation for the sector is Candisari and West Semarang. For details can be seen in Table 2 and Figure 3.

Alocation of Budgetting for Clean Water
Sub-districts that receive the highest budget allocation in economic sector are Kecamatan Tembalang Sub-district, Ngaliyan Sub-district and Candisari Sub-district. The lowest allocation for the sector is Semarang Selatan and Semarang Utara. For details can be seen in Table 3 and

Alocation of Budgetting for Sanitation
Sub-districts that receive the highest budget allocation in economic sector are Kecamatan Tembalang Sub-district, Ngaliyan Sub-district and Candisari Sub-district. The lowest allocation for the sector is Semarang Selatan and Semarang Utara. For details can be seen in Table 4 and Figure 5.

Economy Sector
The right target budget allocation is in Tugu Sub-district, because the area is a sub-district with high economic vulnerability and get a high economic aid budget as well. The right target budget is also in Kecamatan Mijen and Gunungpati. Both sub-districts are sub-districts with moderate vulnerable categories and obtain a moderate budget. Sub-district is not the right target is in North Semarang District, because the district is a district with high economic vulnerability, but get low funds. For details can be seen in Figure 6.

Clean Water
The target budget is in Tembalang, Gajahmungkur and Genuk sub-districts. Tembalang Subdistrict is a sub-district with high water prone category and get high budget also. Gajahmungkur and Genuk sub-districts are low-risk sub-districts and have low budgets. The budget that is not on target is in North Semarang Subdistrict, West Semarang, East Semarang, Central Semarang and South Semarang. These five sub-districts are high-risk sub-districts but have low budgets. For details can be seen in Figure 7.

Sanitation
The budget is not on target, such as in North Semarang Subdistrict, Genuk, Gunungpati, and Pedurungan. It can be seen that North Semarang Subdistrict is a sub-district that has high sanitation prone category, but it gets low budget. Sub-district of Genuk, Gunungpati and Pedurungan are subdistrict with low sanitation prone category, but get high budget. For details can be seen in Figure 8.