Spatial Analysis in Determining Physical Factors of Pedestrian Space Livability, Case Study: Pedestrian Space on Jalan Kemasan, Yogyakarta

The existence of street as a place to perform various human activities becomes an important issue nowadays. In the last few decades, cars and motorcycles dominate streets in various cities in the world. On the other hand, human activity on the street is the determinant of the city livability. Previous research has pointed out that if there is lots of human activity in the street, then the city will be interesting. Otherwise, if the street has no activity, then the city will be boring. Learning from that statement, now various cities in the world are developing the concept of livable streets. Livable streets shown by diversity of human activities conducted in the streets’ pedestrian space. In Yogyakarta, one of the streets shown diversity of human activities is Jalan Kemasan. This study attempts to determine the physical factors of pedestrian space affecting the livability in Jalan Kemasan Yogyakarta through spatial analysis. Spatial analysis was performed by overlay technique between liveable point (activity diversity) distribution map and variable distribution map. Those physical pedestrian space research variable included element of shading, street vendors, building setback, seat location, divider between street and pedestrian way, and mixed use building function. More diverse the activity of one variable, then those variable are more affected then others. Overlay result then strengthened by field observation to qualitatively ensure the deduction. In the end, this research will provide valuable input for street and pedestrian space planning that is comfortable for human activities.


Introduction
People utilize streets for their activities on daily basis, as streets are the main public spaces in cities [1,2].Therefore, to underpin its function, streets should accommodate many aspects such as economic, aesthetic and social aspects [3,4]. Economic aspects related to commodity circulation, aesthetic aspects related to positive image and visual element; and social aspects related to diversity of human activities conducted in the streets' pedestrian space. Jacobs [5] has pointed out that if there is lots of human activity in the street, then the city will be interesting. However, reality shown that usually streets are dominated by vehicles rather than human activities. It is shown that most of the city has lost its attractiveness.
Based on previous mentioned facts, various  Jacobs, Jacobs, and Krier [5][6][7], livable streets shown by diversity of human activities conducted in the streets' pedestrian space in various range of time. Livable Street is increasingly becoming a vital factor of city attractiveness. Given the importance, this paper calls into question what is the main factor that influence streets' livability. Many proceeding research focusing on general concept of livable street theory and its purpose, therefore this paper focus in how physical aspect of pedestrian space influence streets' livability which is indicated by activity diversity. The research located is in Jalan Kemasan, Kotagede, Yogyakarta, because it shows diversity of activities in various range of time.

Methods
In order to analyze factors that influence streets' livability, deductive approach was selected because it is one of the most practical methods that represent a viable alternative to inductive approach. It allowed researcher to observe conceptual variable directly. Conceptual variable mentioned consist of three attributes: safety, comfort and building function. The selection of these three attributes based on the most commonly attributed determinant by experts as can be seen in Table 1 and Conceptual variables then break down into operational variable as display in Table 2. Spatial analysis was performed by overlay technique between livable point distribution map and operating variable distribution map ( Figure 1). The results then strengthened by field observation to find the physical factors of pedestrian space livability. :  Observation points of this study were determined through mapping on the most vociferous point or the most active point in Jalan Kemasan. Moudon [8] noted that those activities grouped into two kind of activities, dynamic and static activity. Whereas, the ideal number of pedestrian ranged from 8 to 18 pedestrians per minute per meter. Observation points which have less than 8 pedestrians per minute tend to be inanimate, while the spot which has 18 pedestrians felt over crowded. Observation time divided into two periods, morning and afternoon. Observation in the morning performed between 07.00-11.00 WIB, while in the afternoon observation performed between 12.00-16.00 WIB. It was chosen because most of the activities happened around that time. Observation conducted on weekday to minimize count up tourists from outside Yogyakarta.

Result and Discussion
Observation shows that static and dynamic activity occurs at Jalan Kemasan. Static activities consist of sitting, talking, eating, standing, or waiting for others. While dynamic activity shown by walking. All these activities occur all day long, either morning or afternoon. There were 10 most livable points based on the number of activity occurred. Those points shown in the figure 2 and figure 3. Spatial analysis performed by overlay technique between livable point distribution map and operating variable distribution map. The more variable found in livable points, the more it affects the livability. Overlay results shown in the figure 4. P1 -P10 dots show most livable points in the morning, whereas S1-S10 dots show most livable points in the afternoon. Quantity and kind of activity occurred in those points are shown in table 3.      Furthermore, in order to obtain outcome, conductive overlay done between livable points map and all variable distribution map ( Figure 5). Overlay results shown in the Table 4.  Based on the results of overlay and morning-afternoon observation, it revealed 3 physical factors that affect Jalan Kemasan livability the most. Those are: divider between street and pedestrian way, element of shading, and availability of seat in pedestrian way. The linkage illustrated on the figures 6.  Figure 6 shown that street with shading, either by a tree or building roof, have much more activity than other part without shading. It relates to sun exposure, which pedestrian feels more comfortable perform their activity under shading. In the afternoon, where sun exposure is higher, almost every activity done under shading. In line with Jacobs [9] and Simonds [10] that said trees and any other shading material is substantial to create pedestrian comfortness.
2nd  Figure 7. The linkage between availability of seat and activity Figure 7 shows that the side of the street with seat has more activity than the side that do not. In line with what is said by Jacob [5]and Appleyard [6], availability of seat is important because it relates to pedestrian comfort. It functions as spot to sit, chat and rest. Pedestrian way with divider such as tree lined curb and parking-on-the-street vehicle have much more activity than the one which do not (Figure 8). The divider between street and pedestrian way improves sense of security from traffic accident. This sense of security also arises from the difference height between pedestrian and road. However, Jalan Kemasan pedestrian and road have relatively the same high, spots with tree-lined curb and parking-on-the-street vehicle make act as divider giving the same security sense. In addition, the presence of other aspects such as street vendors, building setbacks, and mixed use building function also affect pedestrian space livability ( Figure 9). Although, those aspects effect are not as big as the first three. The presence of street vendors relates to the ability to attract people to engage and interact. In accordance to Jacobs [5] that street vendors in pedestrian space able to intensify activity numbers. However, in Jalan Kemasan, it needs to underpin that street vendors who support the sense of security are street vendors who do not use the entire pedestrian way and still give access to pedestrian. Whereas, street vendors who use all pedestrian way raises sense of discontent and harbors accidents.