Analysis of Aloe vera Nano Powder (Aloe vera L.) using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

Aloe vera gel is considered necessary for further processing into high-value products like nano powder due to its complex but easily damaged nutrients. Aloe vera nanopowder is one solution to increase the properties and resistance of Aloe vera so that it can be used for nanotechnology applications, such as thin coatings. In this study, natural gel Aloe vera was converted into Aloe vera powder by adding a concentration of 0.3% Tween 80 and 15% maltodextrin. This method is called the Foam-mat drying method. Using High Energy Milling (HEM-E3D), the powder was mashed for five hours to achieve nanoscale size. The phase of the aloe vera nanopowder was determined by XRD analysis. The peaks 20, which were at an angle of 20°, indicated that the production of the Aloe vera nanopowder was successful. The angle of 20° showed the angle for organic materials and Aloe vera nanopowder is ready to be applied for the fabrication of hydrophobic materials.


Introduction
A gel is a clear, sticky, mucilaginous substance found in aloe vera leaves.Polysaccharides, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and organic acid are just some of the active compounds found in the remaining 0.7% of the gel [1].The remaining 99.3% of the gel is water.Aloe vera gel is considered necessary for further processing into high-value products like powder because it contains nutrients that are complex but easily damaged [2].
One way to improve Aloe vera's properties and resistance is to use aloe vera powder.Using the foammat drying method, natural gel Aloe vera was transformed into aloe vera powder.Foam mat drying technique is a drying cycle by making foam from fluid material added with foam stabilizer at 70-75°C by placing it in the stove.Using a mortar, the dried gel of Aloe vera is then mashed [3].
In processing Aloe vera powder, it is necessary to have a filler and a foaming agent.The filler used is maltodextrin and Tween 80 as a foaming agent.Maltodextrin has properties, for example, going through a quick scattering process, having high dissolvability, having the option to frame films, having low hygroscopic properties, having the option to shape bodies, low cooking properties, having the option to repress crystallization and having solid restricting power.Tween 80 aids in the formation of foam by reducing the surface tension between the two phases.A slim sheet of the framed froth is fanned out and presented to hot air until it arrives at the expected dampness level [4].Synthesis of Aloe vera gel added with Tween 80 and maltodextrin will produce Aloe vera powder which can still be improved by changing the particle size to nano [5] [14].
Nanoparticles are materials made on the nanoscale (10 -9 ) [6].The reduced particle size of raw materials makes the product have different properties that can improve quality [7].Aloe vera nano powder is Aloe vera powder that is made on a nano scale, the manufacture of Aloe vera powder on a nano scale aims to produce new properties that are better for other materials.Physically, the synthesis of nanoparticles can be done with a top-down approach.This method is carried out by breaking up large particles into nanometersized particles by the milling method.The tool used to synthesize nanoparticles is High Energy Milling (HEM) [8] [9].HEM is designed like as mill that moves in an ellipse in three dimensions by first feeding the powder into the HEM chamber.The balls in the HEM chamber will continue to rotate and collide with each other causing the powder to reach the nanoparticle size with a certain time, for Aloe vera powder it takes 5 hours [10].Using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), this study examined the application of the foam-mat drying method to the characteristics (quality) of Aloe vera nano powder.
First, Blend the Aloe vera gel that has been separated from the skin, then put the gel into the mixer and added Tween 80, stirrer for 15 minutes, then added maltodextrin, stirrer for 1 hour until the solution turns into foam.The foam that has formed is then baked for four hours at 70 degrees Celsius in a baking dish.After the dried aloe vera gel was mashed with a mortar, the powder was milled for five hours using HEM-E3D after passing through a 125-millimeter mesh filter.After that, match2! was used to analyze the Aloe Vera nano powder and perform XRD characterizations.

Result and discussion
The phase of the Aloe vera powder was analyzed, as shown in Figure 1.Based on the analysis with the High Score Plus software, Figure 1 plots the diffraction angle of 2 on the intensity of the x-ray diffraction pattern of Aloe vera powder after 5 hours of milling, the phase that appears is the amorphous phase.And some of the minerals that appear are Potassium, Chromium and Zinc Figure 1 shows a diffractogram that shows the relationship between intensity and the diffraction angle (2 ).The results of the phase analysis of Aloe vera nanopowder with a milling time of 5 hours in the form of a spectrum or graph between the scattering angle (2 ) taken at a scattering angle 10 o -90 o and the insenty (I).From the spectrogram presented in Figure 1 it can be seen that the Aloe vera nano powder formed is amorphous (no structure), this is indicated by the absence of diffraction peaks that appear at 2 20 o .These results are consistent with the research Subramani (2018) which prepared Aloe vera gel into Aloe vera nano powder where the XRD pattern of the prepared herbal nanoparticles showed no crystal diffraction peaks at a value of 2 in the range 20 o -30 o , as shown in Figure 1 below.Thus, the XRD pattern confirms the amorphous nature of the nanoparticles prepared from Aloe vera gel.This result was also studied by Gontijo (2013) where the XRD pattern of Aloe vera flour showed an amorphous profile, Aloe vera is an organic compound [12].Aloe vera nano powder can be applied for coating materials in the form of fabrics so that they are hydrophobic and antimicroorganisms [15].
Aloe vera gel has a higher value when it has been processed into powder/powder form because it produces better characteristics, aloe vera powder made using the skin produces a foreign aroma and is dark in color, while flour from aloe vera gel has a fiber content of 16.79%.[16] and can be produced in a variety of products such as cosmetic products, health drinks and based on the characteristics of the plant, Aloe vera can be applied to coating materials so that they are hydrophobic and antimicrobial [17].The Aloe vera powder that is formed is synthesized into nanoparticles that have sizes on the nanoscale, namely materials that have a grain size as small as 100 nm.At the nanoscale, the mechanical, optical and chemical properties of the material are significantly different from those in the raw state.Nanoparticles offer several advantages which are the reason for materials engineering.Nanoparticles are intended for optimization and efficiency of materials, this occurs in line with the improvement of the properties and performance of the engineered material.
According to Fauzi (2020) the effect of the type of phase on the hydrophobic properties of glass media.The amorphous phase has the best hydrophobic properties by forming an angle of 148.24° [5].This result was also strengthened by research (Suaza, 2019) which analyzed curcumin and Aloe vera (Cur-AVNp) nanoparticles where the XRD pattern did not show the structure of the diffraction peaks indicating that Cur-AVNp was in the amorphous phase.With this phase Cur-AVNp produces a composite layer that is anti-microbial [11].Based on this explanation, the prepared Aloe vera can be used as a filler in the manufacture of hydrophobic coatings.In addition, there are several minerals contained in Aloe vera powder, namely Potassium, Chromium and Potassium which are the content of several natural minerals in Aloe vera gel.These results were reinforced by research (Hanim, 2021) which analyzed Aloe vera leaf powder (Aloe vera flour) using XRD that the minerals found in Aloe vera were Potassium, Zinc, Chromium and Potassium.The mineral content in Aloe vera is needed as a source of antimicrobials in the hydrophobic layer.Where minerals provide resistance for the body as well as other substances that contain antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal.Pathogenic microorganisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that contaminate and can also infect humans which threaten health.In preventing the threat of bacterial contamination which results in serious health, anti-pathogenic microorganism materials are needed which have the following properties selfcleaning is a surface that cleans itself.Humans try to imitate these kaleidoscopic natural forms inspired by lotus leaves, water strider legs, cricket wings, gecko feet and butterfly wings.Surface self-cleaning coating techniques have proven to be labor-saving due to their wide range of applications ranging from glass coatings, cements and paints to textiles [18].

Conclusion
The analysis revealed that the aloe vera nano powder was successfully produced: 607 grams of natural gel aloe vera were combined with a concentration of 0.3% Tween 80 and 15% maltodextrin to produce aloe vera powder.Indicated from the peaks 2 which were at an angle of 20°.The angle of 20° showed the angle for organic materials and It can be concluded that the two phase of the sample is amorphous.Aloe vera nano powder is ready to be applied to hydrophobic materials.