Validity of physical learning module based on multiple representation and higher order thinking skills

This aims of research to determine the validity of multi-representation based physics learning modules that can improve higher order thinking skills (HOTs). Physics learning modules are very necessary to realize student-centered learning. A good physics learning module is a module that has been validated with certain criteria. This research is a development study using the McKenney model. Data collection techniques in this study are started from the needs analysis, then build a draft module so that it is ready to be validated by media and material experts using a validation questionnaire. This research produced a multi-representation based physics learning module to improve valid HOTs that are ready to be used in learning physics at school.


Introduction
Higher Order Thinking skills is very important for students in analyzing and solving problems encountered in daily life. HOT is also needed by students in facing 21st century challenges that demand quality human resources in order to compete on a global scale [1]. [2], revealed that in the 21st century like today tasks that require complex thinking skills are considered to be very important for everyone. HOT can encourage to think broadly and deeply and be able to connect knowledge with the real world. Therefore HOT is an important aspect of learning and is a useful tool to help students learn and improve performance.
HOT is an ability that must be present in every science subject, especially physics. This is in line with the purpose of physics in high school, namely that students have the ability to develop analytical thinking skills by using concepts and principles to explain various natural phenomena and solve problems [3]. Besides that HOT in physics is also needed because physics is the basis for all disciplines including engineering and technology making physics the basis for its development [4].
Some research that has been done shows that the average HOT of students tends to be low. [5] conducted a study of HOT high school students and obtained results that the average score of students was 27.9 from a scale of 100. [6] conducted a HOT analysis using two tier multiple choice instruments showing low results with an average value of 8 , 45 out of a maximum score of 30. [7] conducted a study of HOT using a virtual laboratory showing low results in the range of values of 34.7 to 58.3. HOT as one of the 21st century skills that students must possess will be more easily realized if using multi-representation as a basis in the learning process [8]. Shifting the 21st century education paradigm which includes changes from teaching to learning, from teacher-centered to studentcentered, teachers are required to be able to present a learning process that is compatible with the 21st century education system [9]. The learning process that is compatible with 21st century education will be easily realized if the teacher includes appropriate teaching materials. One of the appropriate teaching materials for growing HOT is a module.
Modules as one of the teaching materials are quite effective to use because they are independent that focus on mastering the competencies of the study material that students learn with a certain time in accordance with their potential and conditions. A good module is prepared by presenting material in full and easily understood by students in accordance with the development of science and technology without restricting students to find more material presented, use simple and communicative language and provide information about references that support the material.
Module characteristics that can improve HOT are those that have writing patterns based on the writing procedures of teaching materials, namely: 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) evaluation, and 5) revision. In addition to writing based on the procedure of writing the teaching material, the author of the teaching material needs to also pay attention to the division in each chapter, for example in each chapter is divided into 3 (three) parts, namely the introduction, presentation and closing.
Representation is an arrangement that can describe or symbolize objects and / or processes, represent or symbolize something in a certain way. States multi-representation as a form of representation that combines verbal (text), real images or graphics. [10] Define multi-representation as a way to express a concept through a variety of ways and forms including verbal, mathematical, pictures and graphics. [11] concluded that multi-representation is a combination of forms of representation, namely verbal, mathematical, image and graphic formats. The results of the study of [12] and [13] found that the use of multirepresentation approaches in physics learning can improve students' understanding of concepts and reasoning. Good understanding of concepts is the main asset of students to improve HOT.
Physics modules that exist today, not many that present a description of physics material in the form of a complete multi-representation ranging from verbal representations, images, mathematics and graphics. Related to the above view, this research has the main objective, which is to examine the characteristics of the FBM module to improve the HOT of high school students.

Research Method
This research is a survey research, with the emphasis of the study on: 1) the initial reference source books; 2) description of learning; 3) module initial conditions; and 4) previous research results related to HOT, representation, and module development. Based on the study activities carried out in the study, the study data tend to be descriptive qualitative data. The data was obtained by observation techniques, questionnaires, documents and literature studies on various sources, such as: books, scientific journals, articles, research reports and so on as secondary data. To obtain the results and conclusions of the study, the data obtained were analyzed by descriptive analysis.
The subject in this research is a multi-representation based physics module (FBM) which can improve HOT ability for high school students. While respondents in this study were high school students in Probolinggo.

The results of the reseach are related to the development of multi-representation based physics teaching materials
The results of previous research in several places relating to multirepresentation-based physics teaching materials obtained from scientific journals, articles, and research reports show that multirepresentation-based physics teaching materials can improve students' understanding of concepts. Some research results are shown in Table 1. Learning by involving multiple representations provides a rich Andrew Izsák, context for students to understand a concept being learned Miriam Gamoran Sherin 2012 The use of verbal representations, drawings, mathematics and I Ketut Mahardika graphics in mechanics teaching materials can make it easier for students to improve their multi-representation abilities 2015 The use of multiple representations or multi-representations is M Hill, M D an important skill that students must have in learning science, Sharma and H especially physics Johnston 2016 Learning by involving multiple presentations provides a rich Siprianus L. context for students to understand a concept being learned Angin, Sutopo, Suparno 2017 The representation ability possessed by students can help Pasi Nieminen, students understand a concept that can ultimately make it Antti Savinainen, easier to build higher order thinking skills (HOT) and Jouni Viiri 2017 the use of a multi-representation approach to learning physics Dyah Ayu can improve students' understanding of concepts and Lestyaningtyas, reasoning Sutopo, Hari Wisodo (Source: author)

The results of study related to HOT
The results of previous studies in several places related to HOT obtained from scientific journals, articles and research reports show that HOT Indonesian students tend to be low and HOT is good which can have a positive impact on students in facing global competition and challenges in the 21st century. Some research results are shown in Table 2  HOT is also needed by students in facing 21st century Robyn Collins challenges that demand quality human resources in order to compete on a global scale. Robyn Collins 2015 By using the analogy approach in learning, the results are Lindsey Engle obtained that the HOT ability of students increases well.
Richland and Nina Simms 2015 By utilizing the media in the form of virtual laboratories in Nicole Simon