Pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction with strangeness zero in the unitary coupled-channel approximation

The interaction of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet is investigated by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation in the unitary coupled-channel approximation. In addition to the Weinberg-Tomozawa term, the contribution of the and channel potentials in the S-wave approximation are taken into account. In the sector of isospin and strangeness , a pole is detected in a reasonable region of the complex energy plane of in the center-of-mass frame by analyzing the behavior of the scattering amplitude, which is higher than the threshold and lies on the third Riemann sheet. Thus, it can be regarded as a resonance state and might correspond to the particle of the Particle Data Group (PDG) review. The coupling constants of this resonance state to the , , and channels are calculated, and it is found that this resonance state couples strongly to the hidden strange channels. Apparently, the hidden strange channels play an important role in the generation of resonance states with strangeness zero. The interaction of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet is repulsive in the sector of isospin and strangeness , so that no resonance state can be generated dynamically.


Introduction
The pion-nucleon interaction is an interesting topic and has attracted considerable attention of the nuclear physics community in the past decades. There are two very close excited states of the nucleon in the channel, and , which are difficult to describe within the framework of the constituent quark model [1]. However, in the unitary coupled-channel approximation of the Bethe-Salpeter equation, most of the excited states of the nucleon are treated as resonance states of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon in the flavor space, as are these two particles. In Ref. [1], it is pointed out that the hidden strange channels of and might play an important role in the dynamical generation of the particle. N(1535)

Nππ
The particle, generated dynamically in the unitary coupled-channel approximation with a three-body final state, was considered in [2]. However, the in- clusion of as a final state in the calculation is complex, especially as there are six arbitrary constants in the real part of the three-body loop function, and thus it must be treated as a free function consistent with experimental data. This approach was studied again by including the and channels in a non-relativistic approximation, besides the pseudoscalar meson-baryon octet channels [3]. In fact, the elastic scattering process gives the main contribution to the dynamical generation of the resonance, as was shown in Ref. [4]. In the processes and , the Kroll-Ruderman term supplies a constant potential and plays a dominant role, while the -exchange potential is trivial and proportional to the square of the three-momentum of the final state in the center-of-mass frame. Moreover, the structure of and particles was also studied in the unitary coupled-channel approximation in [5,6], where a loop function of the intermediate pseudoscalar meson and the baryon in the on-shell approximation is taken into account when the Bethe-Sal-peter equation is solved. N(1535) N(1650) S 11 √ s = 1.56 N(1535) N(1650) In Ref. [7], the and resonance states were studied in the unitary coupled-channel approximation with the Lagrangian of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet up to the next-to-leading-order. By fitting the partial wave amplitude with the experimental data up to the energy GeV, the resonance state corresponding to the particle is generated dynamically. In addition, it is amazing that the resonance state can be produced at the same time at higher energies.
The properties of the particle have also been studied by solving the relativistic Lippmann-Schwinger equation, where the corresponding Hamiltonian is divided into two parts, a non-interacting part and an interacting part, and the couplings and the bare mass of the nucleon are determined by fitting the experimental data. This method is called the Hamiltonian effective field theory by the authors [8]. Recently, the different partial wave phase shifts were analyzed by calculating the Kmatrix of the pion-nucleon interaction [9]. It is interesting that the internal wave functions of the , and resonance states were investigated, and it was announced that the , , and components are negligible in these resonance states [10]. It is apparent that the conclusion made in Ref. [10] is inconsistent with the previous results due to the chiral unitary models.

s− u−
In this work, the interaction of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet is studied in the unitary coupled-channel approximation, and the contribution of the and channel potentials in the S-wave approximation is taken into account besides the Weinberg-Tomozawa contact term. Furthermore, a revised loop function of the Bethe-Salpeter equation is used in the calculation [11], where the relativistic correction is included.
By adjusting the subtraction constants for different intermediate particles of the loop function in the sector of isospin and strangeness , a pole at MeV in the complex energy plane is detected, which might correspond to the particle of the PDG review [12].
This article is organized as follows. In Section 2, the potential of the interaction between the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet is constructed, where the Weinberg-Tomozawa contact term, and the channel and channel interactions are all taken into account in the S-wave approximation. In Section 3, the fundamental formula for solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation in the unitary coupled-channel approximation is presented. The cases of isospin and are discussed in Section 4 and Section 5, respectively. Finally, the summary is given in Section 6.

Framework
The effective Lagrangian of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction can be written as In the above equation, the symbol denotes the trace of matrices in the flavor space, and with and , where D=0.80, F=0.46 and =92.40 MeV is the meson decay constant in the chiral limit.
The matrices of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet are given as follows The first term in the Lagrangian in Eq. (1) represents the contact interaction of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet, which is usually called the Weinberg-Tomozawa term, while the other terms which are relevant to the coefficients and give a contribution to the and channel interactions, as shown in Fig. 1. According to the Feynmann rules, the Weinberg-Tomozawa contact potential of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction can be written as where are the momenta of the initial and final baryons (mesons), and denote the spin orientations of the initial and final baryons. For low energies, the threemomenta of the incoming and outgoing mesons can be neglected, and thus the potential in Eq. (4) is simplified as As and are the wave functions of the initial and final baryons, the matrix in Eq. (5) can be replaced by the unit matrix in the low energy region, i.e., . Finally, the Weinberg-Tomozawa contact potential of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction takes the form where is the total energy of the system, and denote the initial and final baryon masses, while and stand for the initial and final baryon energies in the center-of-mass frame. The coefficients for the sector of strangeness zero and charge zero are listed in Table 1. Moreover, we assume that the values of the decay constants are only relevant for the pseudoscalar meson with , and MeV, as given in Ref. [2,7].
The second term in Eq. (1) represents the antibaryonbaryon-meson vertices, and can be rewritten as The coefficient in Eq. (7) takes the form λ with the matrix of the SU(3) generator and Thus, the and channel interaction of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet can be constructed according to the vertices in Eq. (7).

s−
If the three-momenta of the incoming and outgoing particles are neglected in the calculation, the channel potential of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction can be written approximately as denotes the mass of the intermediate baryon, and represent the coefficients given in Eq. (8).

u−
Similarly, the channel potential can be obtained as with the Mandelstam variable .

s u
In the calculation of Eqs. (11) and (12), a physical baryon mass is adopted so as to obtain the -channel andchannel interaction potentials. The mass renormalization of baryons has to be accomplished before the tree-level diagrams in the interaction of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet are studied. In the chiral unitary model, the loop function of the intermediate pseudoscalar meson and baryon is considered in the on-shell approximation when the Bethe-Salpeter equation is solved, which will be discussed in Sect. 3, so that the whole interaction chain is taken into account without a cutoff. Therefore, we can examine whether a resonance state can be generated dynamically or not.
The Weinberg-Tomozawa term and the channel potential of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction are only related to the Mandelstam variable , therefore, they only give a contribution to the S-wave amplitude in the scattering process of the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet.
As is well known, a function can be expanded with the Legendre polynomials, i.e., n with the th Legendre polynomial and the coefficients c 0 In the S-wave approximation, only the coefficient is necessary.
The denominator in Eq. (12) can be written as where is the angle between the three-momenta of incoming and outgoing mesons, and and are the three-momentum in the center-of-mass frame and the mass of the initial baryon (final meson). Taking and , we obtain u− Thus, the channel potential of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction in the S-wave approximation can be easily calculated as Therefore, the S-wave potential of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction can be written as

Bethe-Salpeter equation
The Bethe-Salpeter equation can be expanded as  5) gives a contribution to the amplitude of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction, and the off-shell part of the potential can be reabsorbed by a suitable renormalization of the decay constants of mesons and . A more detailed discussion can be found in Refs. [13,14]. Therefore, if the potential in Eq. (5) is adopted, the second term in Eq. (19) can be written as G l If the relativistic kinetic correction of the loop function of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction is taken into account, the loop function can be written as P m l M l with the total momentum of the system, the meson mass, and the baryon mass. The loop function in Eq. (21) can be calculated in the dimensional regularization (See Appendix 1 of Ref. [11] for details), and thus the loop function takes the form where is the subtraction constant, is the regularization scale, and is the loop function in Ref. [15], q l with the three-momentum of the meson or the baryon in the center-of-mass frame.
Since the total three-momentum in the centerof-mass frame, only the part remains in Eq. (22). Similarly, the matrix can be replaced by the unit matrix since and are the wave functions of the initial and final baryons. Thus, the loop function of the intermediate pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet becomes When the channel and channel interactions are considered, the loop function in Eq. (24) is still suitable. However, the off-shell part of the potential is reabsorbed by the renormalization, so that the decay constants of mesons and the masses of intermediate baryons all take physical values when the Bethe-Salpeter equation is solved.
In our calculations, we make a transitioñ so that the scattering amplitudẽ In the sector of isospin and strangeness , the wave function in the isospin space can be written as |ηN; |KΛ; and |KΣ; Thus, the coefficients in the Weinberg-Tomozawa contact potential of the pseudoscalar meson and baryon octet interaction can be obtained in the isospin space, which are summarized in Table 2.
The channel, channel and Weinberg-Tomozawa contact potentials in the S-wave approximation are depicted in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2, it is seen that the channel potential is repulsive and the other channel potentials are weaker than the potential, while all channel potentials in the S-wave approximation are attractive. Although the curves for and are not smooth when MeV, this occurs far away from the energy region we are interested in, and we assume that there is no effect on the pole position of the amplitude. As the Weinberg-Tomozawa term is dominant, the correction from the channel potential and the S-wave channel potential is not important.
The total potential for the different pseudoscalar meson and baryon systems with isospin and strangeness are depicted in the right side of Fig. 2, which shows that the and potentials are attractive, while the and interactions are weak.
Although the channel and channel potentials are weaker than the Weinberg-Tomozawa contact interaction in the sector of isospin and strangeness , the subtraction constants must be readjusted in the calculation when the contribution of the and channel potentials are taken into account.
According to the PDG data, the particle is assumed to lie in the region of Re (pole position) = 1490~1530 MeV, and −2Im (pole position) = 90~250 MeV in the complex energy plane of [12]. When the Bethe-Salpeter equation is solved in the unitary coupled-channel approximation, we set the regularization scale to MeV, just as is done in most works using this method [3,4,11,14]. Moreover, all subtraction constants change from to with a step of , and we hope a resonance state can be generated dynamically in a reasonable energy region. In the previous works, the subtraction constant was usually chosen to be , which is thought to be a natural value. We changed the subtraction constants in the neighborhood of in order to find the influence of different values on the mass and decay width of the resonance state. Altogether, we found 39 sets of subtraction constants suitable for producing a pole in the energy region constrained by the PDG data, listed in Table 3. The pole positions and the couplings to , , and are also listed. A resonance state with a mass of about MeV and a decay width of about MeV is generated using 12 sets of subtraction constants, while both the mass and the decay width increase slightly when the other 27 sets are  used in the calculation. The 39 sets of subtraction constants are depicted in Fig. 3. It is found that the subtraction constant changes from to in successive steps . Since the threshold is far lower than the energy region where the particle might be generated dynamically, it is understandable that the pole position is not sensitive to the value of the subtraction constant . The changes of the other three subtraction constants , and are not so large. Especially, the subtraction constant in 38 sets of parameters, while for the eighth set it takes the value of . The threshold is close to the energy region we are interested in, and as the subtraction constant is stable, it plays an important role in the generation of the particle.
A pole is generated dynamically at MeV in the complex energy plane of when the Bethe-Salpeter equation is solved in the unitary coupled-channel approximation with the 19th set of parameters, i.e. , , and . The amplitude ηN KΛ squared as a function of the total energy for different channels with isospin and strangeness is depicted in Fig. 4. The real part of the pole position is higher than the threshold, and is lower than the threshold, so we assume that it might be a resonance state corresponding to the N(1535) particle of the PDG review.
The couplings of the N(1535) resonance state to different channels are listed in Table 3. If different sets of subtraction constants are used, the changes of couplings are not significant, as shown in Table 3.
In Ref. [7], the particle couples more strongly to the channel, which is different from the results listed in Table 3. The different values of the coupling constants might be relevant to the next-to-leading-order chiral Lagrangian used in Ref. [7], while it is not included in this work.    Table 4. Since the coefficients are all negative, the Weinberg-To- mozawa contact interaction between the pseudoscalar meson and the baryon octet is repulsive for isospin and strangeness . Even when the correction from the channel and channel interaction is taken into account, the total potential is still repulsive, as shown in Fig. 5. Thus, no resonance state can be generated in the S-wave approximation.