Abstract
The understanding and reduction of turbulent transport in magnetic confinement devices is not only an academic task, but also the matter of practical interest, since high confinement is chosen as the regime for ITER and possible future reactors it reduces both the size and the cost. Since the pioneering work on CCT a lot of work has been devoted to the effect of electric field biasing carried out on many tokamaks, which in general leads to a strongly varying radial electric fields as a function of radius and a resulting sheared 
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flow, giving rise to improved confinement properties. The issue of plasma flows is utterly fundamental for understanding of tokamaks aimed at the achievement of fusion energy. This appears in the well known neoclassical theory as the most accomplished and self-consistent basis for understanding of fusion plasmas. It pertains to the novel concept of "zonal flows" emerging from the recent development of gyro-kinetic transport codes. The poloidal and toroidal flows are also crucial for the concept of the electric field shear suppression of plasma turbulence in tokamaks. Yet, this timely and topical issue has remained largely unaddressed experimentally because of great difficulties of measuring flows in plasmas. Recently, the team of scientists from all over the world developed innovative configuration of probes yielding the flow velocity locally. This timely and topical diagnostics has been successfully applied on many tokamaks ranging from the huge JET through medium TEXTOR to a small CASTOR due to the excellent collaboration and coordination between research teams. Results caused large interest of fusion community born out by numerous invited talks delivered at the major international meetings.