ABSTRACT

Intensive explorations of different alternatives and renewable energy resources, such as wind, solar, wave, or hydropower are currently being conducted worldwide. Hydropower, large and small, remains by far the most important of the renewable energy sources (RES) for electrical power generation worldwide, providing about 20% of the planet’s electricity. Hydroelectric technology is the most advanced and mature renewable energy technology and provides some level of electricity generation in many countries worldwide. As hydropower does not consume or pollute the water it uses to generate power, it leaves this vital resource available for other uses. Small-scale hydropower is in most cases run-of-river, with no dam or water storage, and is one of the most cost-effective and environment-friendly energy technologies to be considered for use in electrification of both rural and remote areas in less developed countries and for further hydroelectric developments in the United States, Europe, and other developed countries. Even though the implementation of small, mini, micro, or pico hydroelectric schemes with conventional hydraulic, electrical equipment and controllers has been proven quite expensive, these systems are still an appealing option for many special and/or remote power applications. However, many developing countries that are in need of rural electrification have encountered economical problems when setting up large power generation schemes, including large hydropower. Small, mini, micro, and even pico hydroelectric power systems are practical and potential low-cost options for generating electricity in rural and remote sites, particularly in small villages in the hilly or mountain areas. Small, mini, and micro hydropower generation can be a viable technology that can be integrated into a decentralized, off-grid approach to electrification in regions that currently have only limited or no access to electricity. The entry presents a comprehensive overview of the small-scale hydroelectric technology, its characteristics, and equipment. References are also included for interested readers.