New record for endangered species Lasioglossum subfasciatum (Imhoff, 1832) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) in the Sila National Park (Calabria, Italy)

Abstract This study provides the first record of Lasioglossum subfasciatum (Imhoff, 1832) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae) in the Sila National Park (Calabria, Italy), a Biosphere Reserve included in the UNESCO program. The species has been classified as endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List, throughout Europe. Three specimens were found during a monitoring activity, in May 2022. Here, we provide a description of the species, the environmental characteristics of the site where it was found and a chronological map of its European distribution.


Introduction
Halictidae is one of the largest families within the Apoidea, consisting of the subfamilies Rophitinae, Nomiinae, Nomioidinae, and Halictinae (Michener 2000;Danforth et al. 2008;Michez et al. 2019).The Halictinae is the largest and most diverse, with 2400 species distributed worldwide including 300 in Europe (Michez et al. 2019).Despite the ecological importance of sweat bees as pollinators, information on their distribution in Italy is fragmentary.Bibliographic data report species collected mainly in Piemonte, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria, Molise, Sicily, and Sardinia (Generani et al. 2001;Quaranta et al. 2004;Pagliano 2011;Forbicioni et al. 2019;Turrisi et al. 2021).Moreover, Flaminio et al. (2021) contributed further data through a citizen science project.In southern Italy, some species have recently been documented in Sicily (Nobile & Turrisi 2015;Bella et al. 2020;Barletti et al. 2023).However, there is currently a lack of information on their distribution in Calabria, except for a few isolated observations (Nobile & Turrisi 2015).
The aim of this scientific note is to report for the first time the presence of Lasioglossum subfasciatum (Imhoff, 1832) in Sila National Park (Calabria, Italy).This species is currently considered as "threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and classified as "endangered" (EN) in Europe (Nieto et al. 2014).

Material and methods
The sampling of L. subfasciatum was performed in the Sila National Park (Macchia Sacra, Calabria, Italy; 39°18ʹ39.0ʹʹN16°25ʹ31.2ʹʹE;1686 m asl; Figure 1 The site of the specimen collection was a mountain pastureland surrounded by beech forests (Figure 1(b)).The habitat is characterised by a mosaic of Sphagnum wetlands surrounded by mesic/dry pastures on raised areas (Hypericum calabricae-Asphodeletum macrocarpi) (Pellegrino et al. 2005;Mazzei & Brandmayr 2017).In May, the mean daily temperature at the site was 11.5°C, with a range of 0.4°C to 25.1°C (Arpacal 2024).The cumulative rainfall was estimated to be 37.8 mm.In summer, the average temperature is close to 18°C, with maximum reaching up to 28.9°C.Fluctuations in temperature and rainfall have a strong effect on the vegetation, causing rapid changes in flowering during the spring and summer seasons, with the genera Narcissus Linnaeus

Results and discussion
Lasioglossum Curtis 1833 is a widespread genus and comprises more than 1,800 species exhibiting a wide ecological range with some species being eurytopic, others stenotopic (Collado et al. 2019;Venn et al. 2023).All species belonging to this genus are groundnesting, except for a small number of species that can nest in rotting wood (Antoine & Forrest 2021).They exhibit different behaviours, including solitary, social, or cleptoparasitic (Michener 2000;Danforth et al. 2003).Their size ranges from 4 to 15 mm.The cuticle is typically dark without any yellow markings, and the antennal insertion is relatively high on the head.The female of Lasioglossum can be distinguished from other genera by the presence of a long furrow in the middle of the apical fringe of tergite 5 and the position of the tergite hair bands, which are located near the base of the tergite (Michez et al. 2019) The specimen of L. subfasciatum was a female (10.91 mm in length; Figure 2), collected while actively foraging on Polygala alpestris ssp.meridionalis Arrigoni.Its head exhibits faint metallic reflections, which are also visible on the densely punctuated scutum covered in rusty hairs in fresh specimens (Figure 2).The propodeum lacks carina, and the basal area is nearly crescent-shaped and rugose.The first tergum appears dull; punctures are sparse on the disc and denser on the margin, with smooth interspaces.Subsequent tergites are densely punctuated and opaque, with the second and third terga displaying a distinct proximal band of hairs.The male is distinguished from female by its ivory-yellow metabasitarsus, the sterna 2-4 adorned with long, dense hairs, and its genitalia characterised by long gonostyli slightly expanded at the apex.
The available information on L. subfasciatum is limited.Based on the bibliographic data, this species is distributed throughout Europe (Figure 3) (Ghisbain et al. 2023), from Spain to Greece, and from Italy to Poland, with many records in Switzerland and Germany (Ebmer 1988).Belgium is the north-western limit of its distribution in Europe.It also extends to the central Balkan peninsula in Serbia (Mudri-Stojnić et al. 2021) and is also found in Turkey and Iran (Warncke 1975;Pesenko 2000).However, the species has been reported to have disappeared in Belgium since the end of the 19th century (Pauly 2007).In Italy (Figure 3), it has been recorded in Val d'Aosta (Steinmann 2002), Trentino-Alto Adige (Bonelli 1971), Emilia Romagna (Quaranta et al. 2004), Calabria [Aspromonte National Park;  (Quaranta et al. 2018) citing (Ebmer 1988;Westrich 1989;Grace 2010)].In the past, the species may have inhabited extensive pastureland, which has since disappeared from much of Europe (Quaranta et al. 2018).Currently, the nesting biology and behaviour of the species are unknown, but it is presumed to be a solitary species, such as many other short-tongued halictids (Pesenko 2000).
The species is currently classified as endangered (EN) based on criteria B2ab (iii) due to its small AOO, severe population fragmentation, continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), and reduction in the number of mature individuals (Nieto et al. 2014;Quaranta et al. 2018).The reasons for the decline in population and suitable habitat area of this species are unknown, but it is suspected that the disappearance of once extensive pastureland caused by agricultural intensification may have played a role (Quaranta et al. 2018).This species is listed in some National Red List or Red Data Book: Italy [Endangered; (Quaranta et al. 2018)], Belgium [Regionally Extinct; (Drossart et al. 2019)], Germany [Endangered; (Westrich et al. 2011)] and Switzerland [Vulnerable; (Amiet 1994)].
Actually, there are no targeted conservation efforts for this species in Italy.To ensure its conservation, it is important to protect and maintain its habitats.Our observation provides evidence of the importance of parks in conserving habitats and their associated species and adds new information to the scarce knowledge on the distribution of Apoidea in Calabria.Further research should be conducted to improve ecological understanding of the species and to identify threats for better protection and conservation.
(a)), an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 2014.Specimens were found during a monitoring activity, conducted monthly from May to August 2022, set up in response to the ministerial directive (DM 232/2020, Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare), which mandates Italian national parks to implement measures for monitoring pollinator decline and preserving biodiversity.Three specimens of L. subfasciatum were observed during a visual census of a 250 m Pollard walk transect on the 25 th of May.A single specimen was handcollected, then killed in a cold chamber, identified, and preserved in the Laboratory of Morphofunctional Entomology at the University of Calabria.Digital images of the species were obtained using the Zeiss Microscope Stemi SV 11 Apo Stereoscope with the C-P8 Optikam PRO 8 Digital Camera Optika and ProView acquisition software.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a) Map of Calabria (Italy) showing the area where Lasioglossum subfasciatum was observed.The yellow line shows the area of the Sila National Park.The red dot indicates the location of Macchia Sacra (39°18ʹ39.0ʹʹN16°25ʹ31.2ʹʹE,1686 m).Detail shows a satellite image (from Google Earth) on the right.Scale bar: 150 m.(b) Images of the collection site captured in May.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Map of Europe showing 1242 records of Lasioglossum subfasciatum.The data are from the project PULSE (unpublished data, validated by S. Flaminio).