From Print to Painting: Jan Miense Molenaer’s Lute players

Seventeenth-century Dutch genre painter Jan Miense Molenaer (1610/ 1611–1668) often depicted the sitting male, elegant, full-size lute player for about a decade. He changed the figure little except for costumes, props, and environment from one painting to the next. This author suggests that Molenaer employed a print model, turning it into repeatable patterns in order to copy it with little adjustments from painting to painting. The practice was first used by artists in the South Netherlands. A prolific painter, Molenaer was able to use his creative process for profitable marketing purposes. Subjects: Visual Arts; History of Art; Graphic Arts; Painting; History of Art & Design


Introduction
A small painting, entitled Self-Portrait as a Lute Player, by Haarlem genre painter Jan Miense Molenaer (1610/11-1668) depicts a fashionable full-length young male sitting erect on a high chair while he holds a lute ( Figure 1). The painting is a precious art object, a jewel, in Molenaer's oeuvre. Between 1629/1630 and about 1640 the artist repeatedly used the full-length sitting male lute player in company of others. However, he most likely rendered him only once alone as in this painting. 1 Molenaer's preoccupation with the lute player for an extended period of time is intriguing. He concentrated on the elegant full-length sitting male figures, either holding the lute or playing it. Although this protagonist in Dutch art had its origin in the early 1600s within the fashionable garden ABOUT THE AUTHOR Eva J. Allen is a specialist in Dutch seventeenthcentury art and Renaissance prints. She holds a Ph.D. from these areas of endeavor. Her research interests include Haarlem landscape painting with concentration on Pieter Molyn . She also studies genre paintings of the period, focusing on Jan Miense Molenaer (1610/1611-1668). She has related this artist's paintings to print models, especially engravings and etchings after the inventions of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525/30-1569). Her publications on Molyn and Molenaer appeared in art journals and books both in Europe and North America. Dr. Allen taught art history for eighteen years at the University of Maryland University College (UMUC) and presently is an independent scholar.

PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
This essay focuses on the figure of the lute player in the art of Jan Miense Molenaer (1610/11-1668), the Dutch seventeenth-century genre painter. Genre painting, or "scenes of everyday life," as commonly known, was a favorite subject in the Dutch Republic. Molenaer's depiction of this figure with little change in painting after painting posed the question how did he achieve this endeavor? The author suggests that the artist worked out a process of using a print model, aided by patterns that gave him the tool to create this often repeated figure with great similarity. The artist was a clever business man who used this practice to streamline his production of paintings for marketing purposes.
parties of David Vinckboons (1576-before 12 January 1633), in Molenaer's art the lute players took center stage with only slight changes from painting to painting. The artist revised their gestures and their limbs, but retained a similar basic stance for each, repeating them. He elaborated more on the different costumes, props, and scenery for the musician in successive paintings. 2 In the following it will be argued that the artist apparently used a print model for his painted lute players, transforming the original source and combining it with real life observations. This model was an engraving by Pieter de Jode I (1572/1573-1634) and it most likely came from Haarlem. De Jode's print may have been inspired in turn by another engraving of Marcantonio Raimondi (c. 1470/ 1482-1527/1534). Raimondi's work could have been the first one in a chain of images which provided a prototype for a number of artists, among them de Jode and consequently Molenaer. Molenaer's frequent use of lute players with little change from one painting to the next indicates his aim to accelerate his production of paintings by repeating a successful motif for marketing purposes.
The methodology in this essay will be through stylistic analysis without the discussion of the iconography of the lute player. The latter aspects have been explored amply by previous scholarship. Matters relating to iconography will be treated here sparingly, only as required by the development of the essay. By stylistic analysis it is meant to find commonalities among several of Molenaer's lute players, focusing on posture, gesture, and pose as well pointing out deviations from them. This approach enables the author to explore and to suggest how the remarkable similarity among the figures may have been achieved, what tools were used to further their becoming, and where did they lead the artist in context of his overall oeuvre, creating a large cache of paintings that he left behind. At the end, the research establishes that Molenaer was an ingenious artist who excelled in marketing his own work, using available resources to further his ambitions. By working out a system of production with a definite purpose he was able to carve a place for himself in the bourgeoning art market in both Haarlem and later in Amsterdam. The research also details the working procedure the artist used with the lute players. He followed precedents from earlier workshop practices in the South Netherlands (today's Belgium) which Molenaer cleverly exploited to his own endeavors all through his life. 3 Full-length sitting male lute players appeared earlier in paintings of the sumptuous outdoor parties of David Vinckboons in the 1610s. One notable example is his Garden Party where an elegant merry company is entertained by a couple of music making companions ( Figure 2). One of them is a lute player. A similar painting at the Akademie der bildenden Künste, Vienna by this artist depicts a musical trio that includes again a lute player. They perform to a celebratory retinue in a garden setting. Vinckboons' lute players, however, are small and do not occupy the focus of the composition. Esaias van de Velde (1587-1630), his presumed pupil, also rendered a full-length, sitting male lute player as participant of a musical group in the open air. An etching by Gillis van Scheyndel (fl. 1622-1654), after a design by Esaias, depicts such a company, entitled Music Makers in a Landscape, 1622 ( Figure 3). Here the lute player takes on prominence at the center of the composition in a pose comparable to Molenaer's Self-Portrait as a Lute Player, however, both of his feet touch the ground. Esaias' protagonist also holds the instrument in reverse from Molenaer's. It is notable that the lute player in this print is portrayed as left handed, suggesting its dependence on another image, whether it be drawing, painting, or print.

Molenaer's Lute players
Molenaer's lute player in the period c. 1629-1640 gains increasing prominence in his paintings. He is depicted most often in the company of others, indoors, instead of just being part of garden parties and musical companies that appeared earlier in the century. The artist first included the lute player in an indoor multi-figure composition, The Ruychaver-van der Laen Family c. 1629-1630 (Museum van Loon, Amsterdam). However, the figure takes center stage in his The Duet ( Figure 4). Here the lute player strikes a pose similar to Self-Portrait as a Lute Player. 4 Contemporary with The Duet is A Young Man Playing the Theorbo and a Young Woman Playing the Cittern ( Figure 5). The setting is more spacious and elaborate than in the previous painting. The gesture of the male, holding the instrument, is similar to the lute player's in The Duet. He strums his double-headed lute and may also sing that we can infer from his slightly open mouth. His right leg is extended and his left is hidden behind the skirt of the female. Next Molenaer includes the lute player in his marvelously elaborate outdoor scene, Allegory of Marital Fidelity (Figure 6). 5 A three-some musical group is depicted in the company of an elegant retinue on a terrace. The lute player occupies the left foreground. His pose is identical to the figure in Self-Portrait as a Lute Player, although he is in three-quarters view. The artist returns again to an indoor multi-figure composition in his Self-Portrait with Family Members (Figure 7). Here the lute player is differentiated from his previous counterparts. He is in full frontal pose and discernibly sings while strumming his lute. The most substantial difference is that he drapes his right leg over his left thigh. 6 This motif mimics the lute player's pose in the artist's painting, The Duet, c. 1635-1636, (Collection of Mr. Eric Noah).
The above paintings are Molenaer's most important works where he included the lute player. It is apparent that the figures have similarities of posture, poses, and gestures. The visual evidence supports the hypothesis that he employed a model for his lute players and adjusted details from painting to painting.      the question concerning the possible origin of a common prototype that served these artists as well as Molenear in rendering their lute players.

The influence of prints on Molenaer's Lute players
An engraving by Marcantonio Raimondi just may have started the chain of similar lute players in prints that circulated in Haarlem as well as seen in Molenaer's paintings. Raimondi's Portrait of Giovanni Filoteo Achillini (1466-1538), also known as The Guitar Player, depicts the Bolognese humanist, poet, and musician ( Figure 11). 8 He is shown outdoors against a spacious landscape that contains features of Northern landscape prints. 9 His face is in three-quarters view. He holds a guitar instead of a lute. He is bent forward and his slightly open mouth suggests he may even sing while strumming his instrument. This print may have found its way from Italy to the active print market of sixteenth-century Antwerp. From there it easily reached Haarlem. In the heterogeneous artistic community there, it could have circulated among workshops for an extended time.
Whether Marcantonio Raimondi's print was the actual prototype for all those lute players by de Jode and others and consequently Molenaer, cannot be currently substantiated with documentary evidence. However, visual observation affords a meaningful similarity among the lute players discussed above. In all probability the prototype for Molenaer's lute players remains the engraving, Musical Company by Pieter de Jode I. De Jode and van Breen can be linked to Goltzius' workshop in Haarlem with documentary evidence. 10 Goltzius had direct ties to the Antwerp printmaking and print publishing circuit. It is reasonable to think that it was from his workshop that the full-length, sitting male lute player in print found its way to painters studios in Haarlem, among them Molenaer's. Raimondi's print could have been the prototype which became a staple in the Dutch Republic through adaptation and reinterpretation by intermediary sources in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.

Molenaer's workshop practice and creative process in context
It is possible that Molenaer and other artists have seen the poses and gestures of the lute players that were discussed above in everyday life. However, in the context of Molenaer's creativity it is reasonable to connect his lute players to a print prototype. Their similarity and frequent repetition by the artist within an extended time period suggest a deliberate practice for a definite purpose once the formula was established.
He routinely employed repeatable models for his painted figures from the beginning of his career. The lute player was one of his favorite motifs prior to 1640 where he undertook this method regularly. 11 Using prints as models was crucial to his workshop practice. The hypothesis may be drawn that a reason for doing so was to accelerate the production of his paintings. The practice was important to him in order to break into the open market both in Haarlem and later in Amsterdam where he moved in 1636.
To replicate his figures with subtle adjustments he likely created cartoons or partial cartoons as patterns to streamline his production. Cartoon is the modern word for pattern from Flemish origin of patron. Molenaer possibly used prints as cartoons for his figures on the same scale as the images to be painted. He then transferred the images to the canvas or wood support from painting to painting with various transfer techniques. He apparently manipulated poses and gestures in the underdrawing stage and finished details, such as costumes and props, at the final phase of the painting. 12 With the lute player Molenaer established an enduring workshop practice in order to serialize his paintings. Serial production evidently was a promising proposition for him with an eye on the open market. It appears he prepared himself to this venture. He must have started to accumulate amounts of artist's materials already at this stage of his career. His posthumous inventory contains numerous panels and picture frames. 13 Subjects with the lute player occurred in his repertoire for about a decade. After 1640, once his paintings with the lute player ran their course and did not go any further, he switched over to low life genre. He, however, continued to follow the same workshop practice and creative process he employed previously, turning out paintings en masse although lower in quality then in previous years.
The suggestion that he increased his output for marketing purposes can be substantiated with documentary evidence. Molenaer was a prolific artist whose overall oeuvre is estimated about 225-250 paintings. 14 His name appeared frequently in estate auctions and inventories. 15 He was connected to one of the most reputable art dealers in Amsterdam, Johannes de Renialme, whose inventories contained numerous paintings by Molenaer. 16 In all appearances his workshop practice and the creative process he employed in the paintings with the lute players were deliberate choices in order to increase his production for the open market. Molenaer's workshop practice and creative process was not new. The use of print and drawing prototypes as models and the exchange of figures with little or no change in several paintings to serialize production for the open market evolved from some fifteenth-and sixteenth-century workshops in the South Netherlands. Lorne Campbell convincingly demonstrated this practice in the Hans Memling workshop. Here the exchange of models among successive paintings was frequent and included standardization in portraiture, with appropriate individualization in the later stages of the painting (Campbell, 1995. See also, Campbell, 2005. The Master of Frankfurt (1460-c. 1533) also ran a large workshop where models were repeatedly used to serialize production. A large cache of prints and drawings provided models. 17 He was a connecting link for such practices between the late fifteenth-and the sixteenthcentury workshops such as the ones of Gerard David (c. 1455-1523) and Jan Gossaert (c. 1478Gossaert (c. -1532. In David's busy workshop, detailed drawings provided models which were repeated several times with no or little change. Not only complete cartoons but partial cartoons were used to replicate images (Ainsworth, 1998). In Jan Gossart's atelier his most successful inventions served as models for serial production that were copied after his death and exist in countless replicas (Van den Brink, 2002).

Conclusion
Molenaer's elegant lute players constitute a special group of figures. It appears he found an ideal figure type in this full-length, sitting male musician. He repeated the figure with subtle adjustments for about a decade. He most likely used a print prototype as model that was in currency among workshops in Haarlem. It is uncertain that Marcantonio Raimondi's engraving Portrait of Giovanni Filoteo Achillini directly reached the Dutch Republic, especially Haarlem. However, it seems possible from visual evidence that this engraving was the first link in a chain of print sources that influenced Molenaer's lute players. His workshop practice and creative process was deeply rooted in late fifteenth-and sixteenth-century precedents of the South Netherlands. He serialized his paintings with the lute player motif, accelerating his production, in turn furthering his marketing ambitions. 18 Molenaer's single figure where he depicted himself alone in Self-Portrait as a Lute Player is perhaps the most meaningful one in the line of lute players. In this painting he may have exhausted the motif and was ready to embark on a new venture, low life genre. He continued to explore this subject until the end of his career. He used, however, the well-worn workshop practice and creative process that he so single mindedly undertook with the lute player.
5. For the iconography of this painting see Van Thiel (1967-1968). 6. It is possible that Molenaer was familiar with the engraving by Cornelis Cort, "The Thorn Puller" after the antic bronze sculpture "Spinario" and placed the legs of his protagonist accordingly. For Cort's print see Leeflang (2000). 7. Goltzius' Spring is part of his third cycle of the seasons. For full discussion and illustration of the whole series see Lauterbach (2004Lauterbach ( -2005. For the description of the series see Boon (1980). For the drawing of the Spring see Reznicek (1961). 8. For the full discussion and dating of the print see Faietti and Oberhuber et al. (1988). The date as late as c. 1508-1511 was considered previously for the engraving. Initially it was also suggested that the engraving depicts the philosopher Alessandro Achillini, brother of Giovanni Filoteo Achillini, based on a drawing in the Uffizi with false inscription. 9. It is widely known that Marcantonio borrowed landscape elements from both Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) and Lucas van Leyden (c. 1494Leyden (c. -1533. For the influence of Dürer's landscape elements on Marcantonio see Shoemaker and Broun (1981). Pon also refers to Marcantonio's borrowings from "Northern landscape" elements. Pon (2004). For the influence of Lucas van Leyden on Marcantonio see Bart and Filedt Kok (1998 Schapelhouman (2000). See also Spicer (1991). 11. See: Allen (2011). Allen discussed several Molenaer paintings where the artist most likely used print prototypes for his painted figures, some starting even before the artist's first signed and dated paintings in 1629. 12. Molenaer's creative process can be described also with concepts J.M. Montias introduced to art history: product and process innovation. The first concept, he explained, would involve introduction of a new "commodity" [for example a motif], or an old one with changes. The second concept would involve a "cost-cutting process" that would change the appearance of the product. In art, he said, both go hand in hand. Montias (1990). In case of Molenaer's lute players the artist introduced a new motif early in his career. He employed it with subtle changes from painting to painting for a decade most likely through the use of cartoons or partial cartoons as "cost-cutting" devices. 13. In the loft of Molenaer's home the following are listed:26 panels of the same format; 32 panels some larger for a picture; 16 large prepared panels for a picture; 5 panels for a picture; 14 ebony frames; 11 large prepared panels.' For the full inventory see (Weller, 2002, pp. 181-187). 14. Weller (2002, p. 7) (endnote 4). 15. Montias placed Molenaer in the fourth place among 31 artists with the greatest number of paintings by lots. The artist's name appeared with 62 mentions in 33 inventories and 24 mentions in dealers' inventories. Montias (2004Montias ( -2005. 16. Goosens (2001). The beginning of the connection of Molenaer and Johannes de Renialme is placed in 1637. Perhaps the relationship came about from the fact that Molenear was not yet a member of the Amsterdam Guild of St. Luke and thus he could not sell his work out of his shop. Thus Molenaer sought the help of a professional art dealer to start marketing his paintings. Renialme's inventory was drawn up twice in 1640 at the first time and again after his death in 1657. The 1640 inventory contained twenty one paintings from Molenaer and the 1657 inventory contained seven. See Bredius (1915). 17. Goddard (1984, pp. 95, 104-105) respectively. For the discussion of the workshop's repeated use of brocade patterns see Goddard (1985). 18. It has been suggested that Leiden genre painter Gerrit Dou repeated the niche motif in several of his paintings as a marketing strategy. Ho (2007). However, there is no evidence that the artist did this to accelerate his production of paintings. In fact, he took long, laborious time to finish each painting. It appears Dou responded to the demands of a discerning elite clientele's preference by replicating a popular motif.