Assertive classroom management strategies and students’ performance: The case of EFL classroom

Ample research findings support the effective role that classroom management strategies play in enhancing students’ learning. Drawing upon Iranian high school teachers’ classroom management strategies, this article is intended to examine the extent to which these teachers follow assertive classroom management strategies and if these strategies affect students’ performance. Conducting a survey including 123 female students, it was found out that Iranian teachers apply classroom management strategies of organization, teaching management, teacher–student relationship, and teacher punishment–rewards (consequences) with varying degrees. In the results section, Pearson correlation is applied between students’ achievement and each part of teacher management strategies. Finally, a positive relationship between teachers’ assertiveness and students’ performance was approved. The findings led to implications for in-service training programs for EFL teachers. Subjects: Arts & Humanities; Education; Language & Literature


Introduction
Teachers of all types often try to keep their classrooms free from disruption. To do so, they need to manage the class and correct the learners' behavior in such a passionate way that encourages, motivates, and retains positive behavior. Though, the terms classroom "discipline" and "management"

PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
In this paper, we introduce the classroom management and its four dimensions called organizing, teaching management, teacherstudent relationship, and teacher sanction-reward strategies, review the literature and describe the process in which the research is done. Our study has tried to find out the students' (123 female students, within the age 15-17 attending senior high schools in Bukan, west of Iran) views about their teachers' classroom management characteristics in four different schools. The intention was to find out whether there is any relationship between the teachers' classroom management features and their students' performance. The results indicated that there is a weak positive correlation between students' English scores and the extent to which their teachers' apply classroom management strategies in EFL classrooms. may be considered synonyms, discipline is "associated with the notion of bringing children into line" (Skiba & Peterson, 2003, p. 66), which is a needed element for learning and teaching (Emmer, Evertson, & Worsham, 2003). Classroom management, on the other hand, embodies establishing rules to organize the class, to plan materials and activities, and to explain instructions and consequences of acting up. Wong and Rosemary (2001) defined classroom management as "all the things that a teacher does to organize students, space, time and materials so that instruction in content and student learning can take place" (p. 84). Furthermore, as Wong and Rosemary (2001) note, all the practices and procedures that a teacher applies to have a good classroom environment in which instruction and learning can take place is related to classroom management. To achieve this, teachers need to apply a set of strategies to organize space, time, and materials.
Many beginning teachers view teaching as directly transmitting information to passive learner (Torff, 2003). Most often, they do not comprehend the significance of classroom management strategies and their effect on students' social and academic behavior. Accordingly, teachers need to be more careful about the strategies and techniques of managing their classes. Geiger (2000) believes that only half of the class time is allocated to teaching and learning activities and the other is spent on classroom management. When teachers appropriately manage the environment, there is little chaos, disorder, and negative behavior in the class. Needless to say, in unorganized environments, effective teaching and learning processes would not happen.
Whereas many attempts have been made on training teachers in pre-service and in-service education programs in Iran, little information is available on teachers' behavior in managing English classrooms. Though the importance of classroom management strategies is repeatedly voiced, identification of the management strategies EFL teachers employ and the extent to which they lead to better students' performance are avenues open to research. Accordingly, the present study is intended to survey a sample of Iranian EFL students in high school level to investigate the degree to which their teachers apply management strategies and their effects on the students' English achievement.

Review of the related literature
Classroom management entails the activities to organize and direct classes to achieve specific goals. Advocated and developed by Lee Canter in 1976, assertive discipline is an approach to classroom management which is to assist teachers to have an organized, teacher-in-charge classroom environment which prevents discipline problems. Stoughton (2007) asserts that to avoid discipline problems, teachers need to acquire and employ classroom management strategies. Although Edwards (1993) considered classroom management as a troubling aspect of teaching, McCormack (2001) and Bromfield (2006) consider that learning and using classroom management strategies are of great importance for teachers. Martin and Sass (2010) considered classroom management an umbrella term for teachers' actions to manage class, students' behavior and their learning. These actions encompasses works like establishing order, dealing with misbehavior, offering appropriate instruction, and taking care of students' emotional and cognitive needs (Emmer & Stough, 2001). Kounin (1970) maintains that "producing a high rate of work involvement and a low rate of deviancy in academic setting" effectively define classroom management issues (p. 63). Likewise, Walker and Shea (1998) consider that dealing with different students' behavior in different situations needs various classroom management strategies. In this relation, Tulley and Chiu (1995) examined the most effective classroom management strategies in their study and concluded that positive reinforcement, explanation, and change of strategy were among the most effective ones. Shawer (2006) considers the teachers who use a set of classroom management strategies like organizing, teaching management, teacher-student relationship, and teacher punishment-rewards (consequences) as "assertive teachers." These teachers clearly and firmly express their needs. They have positive expectations of students. They say what they mean and mean what they say. They are consistent and fair. On the other hand, teachers who are less assertive fail to make their needs or wants known. They appear indecisive which confuses the students. They threaten but their students know that there will be no follow through (Canter & Canter, 1976).
Almost two decades ago, Brophy (1983) maintained that classroom management puts more emphasis on providing supportive environment for students to learn materials rather than focusing on controlling behaviors. Further, Charles and Senter (2008) stated that good teaching management takes place through an active and relevant curriculum. Stough, Palmer, and Leyva as cited in Ormord (2003), believe that effective classroom management contributes significantly to student learning and development. Adding a positive element to this definition, Burden (2003) states that studentteacher relationship is also important in the classroom management discussion. He thinks that classroom management needs to encourage positive social interaction and active engagement in learning. Charles and Senter (2008) approved Burden's realization and maintained that there is a direct relationship between good teaching practice and classroom management issue. Lewis and Lovegrove (1987) believe that the students' ideas are one of the very important factors in determining their teachers' approach to discipline. In a recent research, Aliakbari and Sadeghi (2014) investigated Iranian teachers' perceptions of teacher leadership practices in schools. Their findings maintained teachers' age, gender, and years of teaching experience did not appear as significant factors in teachers' perception of teacher leadership practices. In another study, Aliakbari and Darabi (2013) explored the relationship between efficacy of classroom management, transformational leadership style, and teachers' personality. They reported a positive relationship between transformational leadership style, personality factors, and efficacy of the classroom management. Results indicated a weak, but significant, relationship between efficacy of class management and teachers' Extraversion, Openness, and Neuroticism personality factors. Likewise, a significant relationship between teachers' education level and classroom management efficacy was reported.
According to Adeyemo (2012) "Good classroom management can help to ensure protection of students from physical attacks by other students, dangerous environmental conditions such as playing around electrical equipment, and from psychological abuse from peers or adults" (p. 374). The author further concluded that effective classroom management skills or techniques have strong and positive influence on student achievement in physics.
Also, Nunan (1995) thinks that determining the way the students' think about their teachers' classroom management is of great importance, since there will be a negative impact on learning, if there's mismatch between what teachers and students expect to happen in the classroom. Yet, as mentioned previously, little attention has been paid to this area in language education. Inspired by these views and acknowledging, the dearth of research in this area in Iran, the present study was motivated to examine the relationship between a set of classroom management strategies that English teachers apply in their classes and the students' achievement in EFL classes.

Statement of the problem
In last few decades, many studies have been conducted to show that effective classroom management is a necessary condition for having a conductive learning environment (Hilary, 1991). In a conductive learning environment, students know what to do, what is expected of them, and how to succeed (Sanford, Emmer, & Clements, 1983). Besides, literature shows that students have more academic achievements in a well-managed classroom environment (Griffith, 2002;Wong & Watkins, 1998). Assertive and non-assertive teachers are the main subjects of the literature on classroom management. Teachers who use a set of classroom management strategies more than the others are more assertive. According to Shawer (2006) these strategies are: organization, teaching management, teacher-student relationship, and teacher punishment-rewards (consequences) strategies. Canter and Canter (1976) asserts that more assertive teachers, who use a firm, positive, and respectful tone, apply consequences and deliver praise-as expected, are modeled by students. While less-assertive ones, who use an indecisive tone, fulfill consequences, and reward inconsistently, cannot be modeled, since students' expectations for modeling are unclear.
Given the existence of no thorough research covering the classroom management issues in Iran and due to the repeated importance given to the assertive classroom management strategy, this study intended to investigate such strategies among the Iranian EFL teachers in high school level and their students' achievement to find answers to the following research questions: (1) To what extent do Iranian EFL learners think their high school teachers apply classroom management strategies?
(2) Is there any relationship between applying classroom management strategies and the EFL students' achievement?

Participants
A total of 123 female students, within the age bracket 15-17, attending senior high schools in Boukan, west of Iran, participated in this study. A convenient sampling was adopted in this study, in which the participants were those who happened to be available for the study (Mackey & Gass, 2005). The subjects randomly selected in four different schools were asked to complete a questionnaire administered to collect information on the teaching process and their teachers' characteristics in EFL classes. Although the students were not trained to analyze their teachers' behavior, they were observers of the class events and were considered advanced enough to report their teachers' behaviors appropriately.

Instrument
A questionnaire, developed by Shawer (2010), was adopted as the data collection tool (Appendix A). To ensure participants' understanding of the items, the translated version of the questionnaire was administered (Appendix B). To ensure that the Persian version specifies the same meaning as that of the original questionnaire, back translation technique was adopted. The applied questionnaire included scales referring to classroom management variables and their dimensions, that is, actions related to: organizing, teaching management, teacher-student relationship and teacher sanction/reward strategies. The questionnaire was to seek the subjects' attitudes about their teachers' behaviors and investigate the extent to which the given management strategies were applied by their EFL teachers. The questionnaire was composed of four subsections that address components of classroom management: organization (8 items), teaching management (11 items), teacher-student relationship (10 items), and teacher punish-reward strategies (8 items). Respondents indicated on a five-point, Likert scale (from much to never) to show how well each item describes their beliefs concerning their teachers' classroom management strategies. The process was not timed; however, participants normally completed it in approximately 10 minutes. High scores indicated a well-managed classroom and thus more assertiveness in teachers' behavior, while low scores indicated a less well-managed classroom and thus less assertiveness in teachers' manners. The validity and reliability of the translated questionnaire has been calculated through Cronbach α which is, respectively, (0.91) and (0.94), according to Shawer (2010).

Procedure and data collection
Data collection embraced distributing the questionnaire among 123 high school female students. The data were collected as a part of normal school time in March 2012. In order to analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics in the form of mean and standard deviation were computed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The other aspect of data collection procedure included data on students' English scores. To do so, after the fall semester, four lists containing the subjects' English scores in the final exam were examined in order to analyze the effect of the mentioned classroom management strategies on the students' performance in EFL classes. Since the students were asked in four different classes about their English teachers, they are hereafter referred to as Teacher A, B, C, and D.

Results
The results were examined to evaluate teachers' behavior in the classroom. The collected data were analyzed to determine the extent to which management strategies were employed and if there was any relationship between employment of the classroom management strategies by teachers and students' achievement. Table 1 shows variations in the mean scores and standard deviation of employed management strategies. Table 2 demonstrates the mean and standard deviation for the students' scores in the final exam and teachers' employment of the management strategies.
To respond the second research question and in respond for any relationship between teachers' employment of the management strategies and students' English scores, Pearson correlation coefficient was run, the result of which is presented in Tables 3 and 4. To see whether students achievement can be predicted by teacher management strategies or not, the regression is done, which is presented in Table 5.

Discussion
One of the major objectives of this study was to determine the extent to which Iranian high school teachers apply classroom management strategies. The reported findings indicate that these strategies (organizing, teaching management, teacher-student relationship, and teacher sanction-reward strategies) are partially applied by Iranian high school teachers in different degrees. With the mean score of 35.84 and 34.24, teaching management and teacher-student relationship strategies were, respectively, used more than the others, while organization and punishment-reward strategies have got the least mean scores (25.99 and 19.96). Data also indicate that the participants admitted that their teachers' main priority is teaching, and maintaining a good classroom interaction. Findings also made it clear that they do not put much emphasis on punishment-reward strategies. One more point worthy of attention is the fact that there is not a great difference among the mean score of teachers' employment of management strategies, since the mean of employed management strategies ranges from 108.20 to 125.28. This implies that there is a kind of homogeneity among the strategies Iranian EFL teachers utilize for managing their classes which can be a consequence of the centralized educational system at work in the country. We consider such a dominant trend an obstacle to teachers' creativity and initiations. Since every class can be a unique context for teachers' expertise such as the  dominance of the employment of certain strategies can be considered as an issue which demands further research. Perhaps an in-service course on the efficacy of creativity in classroom can help teachers to adopt various strategies according to their classroom conditions.
The second aim of this study was to explore the relationship between applying classroom management strategies and the EFL students' achievement. As Table 3 and Table 4 specify, the results of the correlation revealed that there is a weak positive correlation (r = .185*, p < 0.05) between students' English scores and the extent to which their teachers' apply classroom management strategies in EFL classrooms at the level of 0.05. These findings are not in line with Adeyemo's (2012) results who found strong positive relationship between classroom management skills and students' achievements in physics. Such finding reveals that in addition to adopting the management strategies, teachers need to consider other influential factors such as, learners' and learning strategies, and teaching methods to achieve successful educators.
Doing regression, it was found out that we cannot predict the students' performance by the mentioned strategies. The results of which are presented in Table 5.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, the given sample of the Iranian high school teachers honored teaching and teacher-student relationship strategies more than organization and punishment-reward strategies. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a weak positive relationship between applying assertive management strategies and the students' achievement at the level of 0.05 (r = .185*, p < 0.05). While the results of the current study shed more light on the importance of teachers' managing skills and the relationship between teachers' effectiveness and students' achievement, findings call for teachers' stress and emphasis on other effective factors in classroom as well and develop creative approach to adjust such strategies with classroom conditions. The findings have implications for Iranian educational administrators, especially given the in-service training programs for EFL teachers to efficiently practice classroom management strategies.
In spite of the attempts in conducting the current research, some limitations need to be acknowledged. Firstly, the study was limited in scope and conducted with a limited number of students who studied in high school. Thus, the findings of this study need to be verified with different groups of the students and different scopes. Secondly, this study investigated the students' opinions concerns their teachers; therefore, further research can be conducted using techniques such as observation, interview, and other ways of data collection to verify the findings.