Maps of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč and Pula (Dioecesis Parentina et Polensis)

ABSTRACT The paper describes previous maps of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula and creation of a new map of the Diocese made and published after many changes and long-time research at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The data collection of the general geographic content and the sacral content was the first step for the new map visualization of the Diocese. It also describes different problems for special map contents and observed shortcomings on the previous maps, and how they are solved. The research objective was the creation of the new map of the Diocese based on the collected and verified data, showing the exact borders of the Diocese and current borders of the deaneries with current seats. On the new map (Main Map) at a scale of 1:120 000, the parish borders with the seats and names of parishes are depicted for the first time.


Introduction
At the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, a project was started about 15 years ago at the Chair of Cartography, which is engaged in the research of map graphics of religious maps.In addition to the researchers of the Chair of Cartography, researchers from other chairs and students of the Faculty of Geodesy are actively involved in the work on the project.Based on the conducted research, the production of maps of individual dioceses in the Republic of Croatia began.Thus far, maps of the Gospić-Senj Diocese (Župan et al., 2010), the Diocese of Požega (Župan & Frangeš, 2015) and the Diocese of Varaždin (Župan et al., 2018) have been developed, and the preparation of the map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula (Frangeš et al., 2018) has been published.
The territory of the Republic of Croatia is administratively divided into 20 counties and the City of Zagreb as the capital of Croatia, which has the status of a county and a city, and 127 cities and 428 municipalities, containing 6757 settlements (DGU, 2021a).The church-territorial division in Croatia differs from the administrative-territorial division.The Catholic Church in the territory of the Republic of Croatia is territorially divided into 5 archdioceses and 12 dioceses that form four metropolises: Zagreb, Split-Makarska, Đakovo-Osijek and Rijeka, as well as the independent Archdiocese of Zadar and the Military Ordinariate, which are directly subjected to the Holy See.The Diocese of Poreč and Pula belongs to the Rijeka Metropolis (HBK, 2021).The Diocese was founded in 1828 by the union of the Diocese of Poreč and the Diocese of Pula, with the seat in Poreč.The Diocese consists of 135 parishes, and it is divided into nine deaneries: Buzet (15 parishes), Labin (16), Pazin (21), Pićan (11), Poreč (17), Pula (16), Rovinj-Kanfanar (6), Umag-Oprtalj (23) and Vodnjan (10) (BPP, 2021a).The Diocese of Poreč and Pula is an ecclesiastical territory and the Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in North-West Croatia (Figure 1).
The history of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula and the changes that took place in the territory of the Diocese have been written in several publications (Bartolić & Grah, 1999;Grah et al., 2017;Kajinić, 2016;Milotić, 2010), and numerous information about the Diocese are available on the Diocese's website (BPP, 2021a).The research presented here charts the creation of the new map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula is the continuation of the project of making religious maps of Croatia at the Faculty of Geodesy because history of these maps is very poor and even today is very difficult to find adequate map sources containing sacral objects.

Data collection for new map creation
The administrative borders of the Republic of Croatia, which include the borders of the state, counties, cities and municipalities, as well as the settlement borders, were obtained in vector format from the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia.Data on the settlement borders were used to determine the parish borders.The file in .zipformat was downloaded from the website of Geofabrik, a consulting and software development company based in Karlsruhe, Germany specializing in OpenStreetMap services, and which also contains data on the locations of Croatian settlements (Geofabrik, 2021).The online application of the geoinformation system of the Register of Geographical Names of the Republic of Croatia (DGU, 2021b) was used to check and supplement the downloaded data on the settlement locations, which enables viewing and searching of geographical names and obtaining spatial and attribute data about the selected name, i.e. the settlement.Data on the settlement locations were used to determine the seat of the Diocese, as well as the seats of deaneries and parishes.Data on roads, railways, rivers and lakes were collected using the Overpass turbo web interface (OPT, 2021), which allows to download and save data of the OpenStreetMap project.The Decision on Classification of Public Roads (Official Gazette, 2021) was used to verify and supplement the collected data on roads.By that Decision, public roads are classified into four groups: highways, motorways, county and local roads.However, some roads were not classified in accordance with the Decision and needed to be corrected, and some roads were not included in the downloaded data, which were vectorized to depict the traffic network completely.
On the website of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula (BPP, 2021b) there is a high-quality map (Figure 2 (a)), showing the following objects: the seat of the Diocese, the seats and the borders of the deaneries, then the seats of the parishes, churches, demolished churches, and a list of deaneries and parishes with the number of churches in the parish.The traffic network was also shown on that map, but there are no symbols for the different types of roads in the legend.The map does not contain information on the map projection in which it was created, nor the map scale, and the sources used to create the map are not listed.
The second map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula was independently created by student Dunja Krce as part of master's thesis (Krce, 2019), and the map is in B1 paper format.It presents the general geographic content and basic information on the hierarchical division of the Diocese (Figure 2(b)).Students usually have a few basic parameters before creation of map (title, scale, map graphics), and for everything else, such as collecting data, design, or format a map, creativity, and cartographic knowledge that they adopted while studying come to the forefront.This map is based on the map (BPP, 2021b) and contains similar content to the previous map, except that the map contains information on the map projection, the map scale, the data sources, and the symbols for roads in the legend.Data of the OpenStreetMap project downloaded using the Export Tool open service, and the digital elevation model SRTM 1 Arc-Second Global 30 meters downloaded from the website of the Earth-Explorer were used to create the map.
The described maps represent important sources for the creation of the new map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula, made within the scope of this paper.By analyzing those maps, it was established that the borders of the Diocese were depicted incorrectly.Since the deanery borders were changing, by comparing the maps with written sources (Bartolić & Grah, 1999;Grah et al., 2017;Milotić, 2010) and an internet source (BPP, 2021a), it was discovered that the deanery borders on those maps are not represented in accordance with the current state, and that in the mentioned sources and on the maps different information about the seats of some deaneries were given.Those maps show only the seats of the parishes, but not the parish borders.

Observed shortcomings on the existing maps of the Diocese
The bishop determines which settlements (villages, hamlets) belong to a particular parish, the lists of settlements were published in the books (Bartolić & Grah,1999;Grah et al., 2017;Milotić, 2010), and the authors of those books are priests, church archivists, historians.Based on the settlement borders of Istria County and Primorje-Gorski Kotar County obtained from the State Geodetic Administration and official maps of the State Geodetic Administration available on the Internet (DGU, 2021c), the maps of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula (BPP, 2021b; Krce, 2019), and the lists of settlements which belong to a particular parish listed in the mentioned books, we managed to determine the borders of parishes (and deaneries) of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula.The blue lines show the deanery borders determined within the scope of this paper, and the green lines show the deanery borders according to the map of the Diocese (BBP, 2021b).It can be seen that in some places the deanery borders obtained on the basis of two ways differ (Figure 3).Some of the problems that arose during the research are described and explained how they were solved.They are: the borders of the Diocese are incorrectly shown on the existing maps, the deanery borders on the existing maps are not shown in accordance with the current state.It was pointed out that there are different data on the seats of individual deaneries in the literature and on the existing maps.The questions arose during the research are mainly due to different claims in various sources or it was a complete impossibility to find answers and solutions, so we turned to the parish priests in the Diocese for help.

Borders of Diocese
In the book (Grah et al., 2017, p. 42) it is written that the borders of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula coincide with the borders of Istria County, which has 10 cities and 31 municipalities, except for the areas of Vela and Mala Učka (Vranja parish) which are located in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County.However, the book did not state that the settlements of Dane, Jelovice and Vodice do not belong to the Diocese, which according to the data of the State Geodetic Administration, these settlements belong to the Istria County.The research established that the parish of Vodice, to which the settlements of Dane and Jelovice belong, is one of the parishes of the Rijeka Archdiocese (RN, 2021) (Figure 4).All statements from various sources are confusing when making a map, and other maps are not so detailed and do not provide enough information.
On the map (Figure 2(a)), the areas of Vela and Mala Učka were not added to the Vranja parish (Buzet Deanery) (Figure 5).Another error discovered on this map, because a part of the area belonging to the Istria County was left out from the Buzet Deanery, except the areas of Vela and Mala Učka (it can be seen if you compare the purple line with the green line) (Figure 6).On the map created as part of the master thesis (Krce, 2019), the borders of the Diocese are shown incorrectly, because the borders of Istria County were taken as the borders of the Diocese, three settlements (Dane, Jelovice and Vodice) of this County belonging to the Rijeka Archdiocese were not omitted, and the settlements Vela and Mala Učka that belong to the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County were not added (Figure 2(b)).

Borders of Deaneries
On the map (BPP, 2021b), the parishes of Fažana and Galižana belong to the Pula Deanery (Figure 2(a)).In the book (Bartolić & Grah, 1999) it is stated that they belong to the Pula Deanery, while in the book (Milotić, 2010) the description of both parishes states that they belong to the Vodnjan Deanery, and that the Brijuni islands belong to the parish of Fažana.In the book (Grah et al., 2017, p. 70, 104, 110) it is stated that the parishes of Fažana and Galižana belong to the Vodnjan Deanery.In addition, on the map found in this book on p. 381, both parishes are shown as belonging to the Vodnjan Deanery.Also, on p. 104 and 105 states that the Brijuni islands belong to the parish of Fažana, which would mean that they belong to the Vodnjan Deanery.However, on p. 379 the Brijuni islands are shown as belonging to the Pula Deanery, which are not shown on the map on p. 381 depicting the parishes of the Vodnjan Deanery.
Since it was not possible to conclude from the literature (Bartolić & Grah, 1999;Grah et al., 2017;Milotić, 2010) whether the parishes of Fažana and Galižana belong to the Pula Deanery or Vodnjan Deanery, so it was necessary to contact the priests of those parishes.According to data obtained from Rev. Ilija Jakovljević,   parish priest of Fažana and dean of the Vodnjan Deanery and Rev. Vladimir Brizić, parish priest of Galižana, the parishes of Fažana and Galižana belong to the Vodnjan Deanery.When making the map, the parishes of Fažana and Galižana were joined to the Vodnjan Deanery, and the Brijuni islands were joined to the parish of Fažana.The blue lines are the deanery borders formed on the basis of the settlement borders obtained from the State Geodetic Administration, taking into account the settlements (villages, hamlets) belonging to individual parishes listed in the book (Grah et al., 2017).The green lines show the deanery borders according to the map of the Diocese (BBP, 2021b) (Figure 7).

Seats of deaneries
On the map (BPP, 2021b) and on the maps found in the book (Grah et al., 2017, p. 374, 381, 382), the seat of the Buzet Deanery is Buzet, the seat of the Vodnjan Deanery is Vodnjan, and the seat of the Umag-Oprtalj Deanery is Umag, while (BBP, 2021c) and (Grah et al., 2017, p. 69, 70) state that the seat of the Buzet Deanery is Roč, and the seat of the Umag-Oprtalj Deanery is Buje.However, the seat of the Vodnjan Deanery on the Internet (BBP, 2021c) is Krnica, and in the book (Grah et al., 2017) it is Vodnjan.
The research established that there are no available sources that provide current valid data on the seats of deaneries.Since various sources (maps, books, websites, etc.) contain different information about the seats of some deaneries, it was necessary to contact the parish priests from whom the information were obtained.According to data obtained from Rev. Ilija Jakovljević, parish priest of Fažana and dean of the Vodnjan Deanery and Rev. Gracian Živolić, parish priest who was dean of the Vodnjan Deanery in the period 2015-2020, the seats of the deanery change depending on the parish in which the dean serves, appointed by the bishop for five-year.The last appointment of deans was in the spring of 2020, some of the appointed deans are new, so the seats of those deaneries have been changed, while the seats of some deaneries have remained the same.Therefore, Buzet is the seat of the Buzet Deanery, Gologorica is the seat of the Pićan Deanery, the seat of the Pula Deanery has been changed, i.e. the seat of the Deanery is another parish, Umag is the seat of the Umag Deanery, while Fažana is the seat of the Vodnjan Deanery.

New map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula
The new map (Main Map) was created with prior analysis of the previous maps (BPP, 2021b; Krce, 2019), eliminating errors found on those maps, such as the seats of the deaneries, the borders of the Diocese and the borders of some deaneries.The student map is deficient in data, a different degree of generalization was applied, and selection of content is not appropriate or does not comply with cartographic rules.In addition, the relief is shown on this map with shading, which greatly reduces the readability of other important content.The description on both maps is only in Croatian.
The new map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula (Main Map) was created using appropriate map graphics that was applied to religious maps published in the papers (Župan et al., 2010;Župan et al., 2018;Župan & Frangeš, 2015) because those maps were already reviewed (by cartographic experts), corrected and improved.Apart from the deanery borders, the seats of deaneries and parishes, the new map shows the borders and names of parishes.The traffic network classified into highways, motorways, county, local and other roads, and railways is also shown using appropriate map graphics.In addition to roads, waters (rivers and lakes) and special content of sacral character were represented.

Reference coordinate system of map projection
The reference coordinate system of map projection used in this project is the official coordinate system of the Republic of Croatia, the HTRS96/TM (Transverse Mercator, conformal transverse cylindrical projection), which uses the GRS80 reference ellipsoid.The central meridian is the 16°30' E, False Easting is set to 500 000 m, and the linear scale factor along the central meridian is 0.9999.This projection coordinate system was described by Lapaine and Tutić (2007).

Sources, analysis, selection of sacral map content
A parish is the smallest administrative unit of the Catholic Church, several parishes are included in a deanery, and several deaneries represent a diocese.It was established that there is no map showing the parish borders of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula, so in this paper, for the first time, they were determined according to the settlement borders of Istria County and Primorje-Gorski Kotar County obtained in vector format from the State Geodetic Administration and the list of settlements belonging to a particular parish listed in the books (Grah et al., 2017;Milotić, 2010).The deanery borders were determined based on the parish borders, and the borders of the Diocese based on the deanery borders.In these books, the settlements where the church is located for each parish are listed, and such settlements are shown on the map.
One of the initial research activities was to discover the extent to which deanery borders have changed since the formation of the Diocese.All changes must be recorded and investigated so that the data on the map is displayed correctly.In addition to historical changes in the borders of the Diocese, deaneries, and parishes, it was necessary to harmonize the sacral borders with the secular borders of today's counties and settlements, and their occasional overlap.Since there is not much data, for the first time a comprehensive and detailed map of the Diocese is made, the methodology is mostly based on collecting historical data from literature and maps, the solution and decision on the final presentation were mainly obtained by interviewing parish priests who can provide the most information.Editing, updating and collecting data in the field, as well as interviewing many parish priests of the Diocese, were performed by generations of students from 2015 to 2021.The cartographic generalization was carried out in accordance with the thematic content and scale on the map (Figure 8).
Therefore, the new map (Main Map) was created by controlling and verifying the collected data, with the addition of new data, and special attention was paid to the parish borders, seats and names of parishes.The bishop coat of arms by Msgr Dražen Kutleša was added on the map.In cooperation with representatives of the ecclesial community from the Diocese of Poreč and Pula, valuable data was acquired for depicting special church thematic content.

Conclusion
The research established that a small number of publications containing a map with the borders of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula, and especially those with the deanery borders were published, and that no map was made depicting the parish borders.It was concluded that in certain sources the information about the Diocese is wrongly stated or that these sources contain dated information, and that the borders of the Diocese and individual deaneries are incorrectly shown on the existing maps.Therefore, the new map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula (Main Map) contains, for the first time, all levels of territorial division of the Diocese.
The creation of the map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula proved to be a challenge of several years of research because of the lack of special sacral map data.All the spatial data was managed to be freely gathered except some collected in the field work.Some sources proved to be better equipped with finer data than others, such as Geofabrik, which has a more detailed data than Overpass turbo, though it lacks some data, such as administrative borders.The real problem of this research was the lack of any georeferenced data of the borders of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula, and the borders of deaneries and parishes.The new map provides much better and more detailed visualization of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula and hopefully will be in use for all people who are interested in parishes and deaneries.

Software
The collected data were processed and edited using QGIS, a free open source GIS software licensed under the GNU General Public License.The preparation map for print was completed using OCAD cartographic software, which enables the creation of symbols.additional data will be available from the corresponding author upon request.

Geolocation information
This map is covering peninsula of Istria, a west part of Croatia.The coordinates for the center of the map are: E = 301000, N = 4996000, EPSG = 3765, Reference coordinate system of map projection: HTRS96/TM, GRS80 ellipsoid, Latitude of origin: 0°, Longitude of origin: 16.5°, Scale factor: 0.9999, False East at origin: 500 000 m, False North at origin: 0 m.

Map design
Map design for the map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula is the same map design as it was for previously published maps of different Dioceses and Archdioceses in the same project of making sacral maps of Croatia since 2009.Map graphics, symbols and all other map elements are carefully made according to tradition and cartographic visualization rules.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Position of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula in Croatia with the division of counties.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula (BBP, 2021b).(b) Student version of the map of the Diocese of Poreč and Pula (Krce, 2019).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Determining the borders of parishes, deaneries and the Diocese based on the settlement borders and the list of settlements.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. To which diocese or archdiocese do the settlements of Vodice, Dane and Jelovice belong?

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Detection of errors on the existing map during researchthe settlements of Vela and Mala Učka were left out from the Buzet Deanery.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Discovery of errors on the existing map during researcha part of the area belonging to the Istria County was left out of the Buzet Deanery.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Affiliation of the parishes of Fažana and Galižana on the existing map and on the new map.