Important modifications in dielectric properties of LDPE after contact with some foods

We analyzed the dielectric properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) grad (LA071) materials after different time intervals of contact with apple, pineapple, mango, and cow’s milk. Cole–Cole plots show the distribution of relaxation, depending on the time of contact and the type of food. Furthermore, chemical processes between LDPE and foods lead to significant changes in the dielectric properties of LDPE samples, relying on contact time and food type. In our study, contact with cow’s milk causes the most LDPE degradation, whereas contact with mango causes the least LDPE degradation. It is suggested that dielectric measurements be used as indicators of LDPE degradation and some other defects.


Introduction
Polymeric materials play an important role in a wide range of applications and have long been employed to replace an extensive range of materials [1][2][3][4][5]. This is most likely due to polymers' advantages compared to traditional materials [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Since then, polymer-based products have become ubiquitous; including clothing made from synthetic fibers, fiberglass, polyethylene cups, plastic bags, nylon bearings, epoxy glue, heart valves, polymer-based paints, and coated cookware [11]. As a result, it is not strange that approximately all material scientists, as well as more than half of all chemists and chemical engineers, physicists, clothing technologists, mechanical engineers, pharmacists, mechanical engineers, and other scientific groups, are associated with polymer research and development projects [12]. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is the best material that is widely used in a variety of industrial applications, including packaging [13]. It is known as an effective electrical insulator, with amazing properties such as low permittivity and cross-linked polyethylene, demonstrating greater stability and high solvent resistance [14]. The dielectric properties of LDPE are supposed to change with sustained AC stress in high humidity due to increased conductivity caused by ionic products as well as injected and then localized space charges. Furthermore, the rate of water absorption in LDPE is affected by the nature of the surrounding medium [15]. The movement of dissolved ions in the water and the injection of subsequent localization of space charge at the LDPE interface may cause significant ageing of the LDPE in the ambient medium [16]. An analysis of the dielectric properties in polymeric materials over an extensive range of frequencies may provide an indicator of ageing. The consistent picture of the modifications in dielectric properties with progressive ageing could be regarded as a diagnostic indicator of the insulation's operating properties. In that same sense, data from dielectric spectroscopy can then be functioned to produce appropriate electrical analogue models of the ageing process. This motivates us to conduct an extensive assessment of the dielectric properties of LDPE after various contact times in apple, cow's milk, pineapple, and mango to gain a better understanding of the problem. Our goal is to use the dielectric properties of the LDPE after contact with these items as an indicator of polymer decomposition.

Experimentation methods
The Qatar Petrochemical Company's LDPE grade (LA071) was used in this research. This LDPE was formed into sheets with a thickness of 50 ± 0.1 mm and then washed carefully. The LDPE materials come into contact with different foods (apple, pineapple, mango, and cow's milk). The disc-shaped samples were then silverpainted and placed in a two-electrode sample holder. The surface area that was exposed was 1.4 cm 2 . The measurements were done in the open air with Hioki 3520 programmable automatic LCR metre (Hioki, Japan) set to room temperature, the frequency range of 100Hz-5 MHz, and operated at 0.80 V.

Result and discussion
The real part (ε ) and imaginary part (ε ) of permittivity are calculated for LDPE contact in apple, pineapple, mango, and cow's milk. Figures 1-4 show the Cole-Cole diagram for LDPE contact in apple, pineapple, mango, and cow's milk, respectively, for different intervals of time. The ability to gain Cole-Cole plots suggests that the LDPE is ruled by complex polarization mechanisms with variable relaxation times. Furthermore, the depression behaviour of the semicircle centres in LDPE (LA071) samples is directly linked to non-ideal capacitive properties. This non-ideal one implies that electrical conductivity or charge carrier movements are happening.
We can calculate the relative permittivity at zero frequency (ε 0 ) and infinite frequency (ε ∞ ) by intersecting these circular arcs with the ε' axis.
From Figure 1, significant parameters such as the oscillating strength of the dipoles L = ε 0 -ε ∞ , the macroscopic relaxation time (τ 0 ), and the molecular relaxation time (τ ) can be deduced.
τ 0 could be determined as follows [17]: since U is the distance between a specific experimental point and ε o , and V is the distance between the same point and ε ∞ . The S value serves as an indicator for the  Figures 5-7 show the parameters ε ∞ , ε o , and L clearly decreased exponentially with contact time of up to 7 days due to the formation of oxygenated groups such as carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Furthermore, as contact time increases, chemical reactions between the LDPE and foods increase, resulting in a decrease in ε ∞ , ε o , and L. However, as the time of contact increases, ε ∞ and ε o start to decrease slightly, which is attributing to the formation of the cross linking. The calculated τ for the first relaxation mode vs. contact time in apple, cow's milk, pineapple, and mango is shown in Figure 8. It is clear that τ in all cases, it follows the same trend. τ decreases with contact time up to 7 days, indicating that the molecules are oriented with the deriving ac field faster, resulting in smaller molecules. As a result, the LDPE contact causes LDPE degradation, which is the breakdown of a chemical compound into smaller molecules through photolysis, hydrolysis, or oxidization, in this range of contact time [19][20][21][22]. Further increasing the LDPE's contact with apple, cow's milk, pineapple, and mango leads to an increase τ . This result is due to LDPE cross-link, which causes the molecules of LDPE to not pursue the field's rapid oscillations at the same rapid oscillations [23]. We can conclude from Figure 8 that the degradation of LDPE when it comes into contact with cow's milk is greater than that of other materials. However, when LDPE comes into contact with mango, it degrades the least. As result, the dielectric parameters of LDPE after contact with specific foods are significant indicators of LDPE degradation and other defects.

Conclusions
Chemical reactions between LDPE and foods cause significant changes in the dielectric properties of LDPE samples, depending on contact time and food type. Interestingly, the contact with cow's milk causes the most LDPE degradation, whereas contact with mango  causes the least LDPE degradation. It is advised that the results of the measured dielectric data be employed to predict LDPE degradation and other defects. More comprehensive dielectric investigations for many types of polymers after contact with many food items are desirable in future work.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).