Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T09:56:24.272Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Replacement of inorganic phosphorus by microbial phytase for young pigs fed on a maiz–soyabean-meal diet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

E. T. Kornegay  and
H. Qian
E. T. Kornegay
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA
H. Qian
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Ninety-six crossbred young pigs (body weight 7.8 kg) were used in a 5-week trial to determine the effectiveness of microbial phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) in improving the bioavailabilities of P and other nutrients in maize–soyabean-meal diets and, thus, replacing inorganic P with phytase. A 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with two available P (aP) levels (0.7 and 1.6 g/kg) and five phytase levels (0, 350, 700, 1050, 1400 U (the quantity of enzyme that liberates 1µmol inorganic phosphate/min from 5.1 mm-sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37°)/kg diet). In addition, two extra diets were formulated to supply the National Research Council (1988) recommended level of aP (3.2 g/kg) with 0 or 1400 U phytase. The addition of graded levels of phytase resulted in linear increases in average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and weight gain:feed intake for pigs fed on diets containing 0.7 or 1.6 g aP/kg (P < 0.04). Also, the addition of phytase linearly increased apparent digestibilities of P and Ca (P < 0.01), whereas faecal P excretion was linearly decreased (P < 0.01). Linear increases in shear force, shear energy and ash content of both the metacarpal and tenth rib, and shear stress of the metacarpal were found to respond to added phytase (P < 0.01). These improvements in performance, apparent P absorption and bone measurements by phytase were also observed by increasing dietary aP levels for most measurements. Adding 1400 U phytase to the 3.2 g aP/kg diet further increased average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, apparent absorption of P, Ca and N and metatarsal shear force and ash content (P < 0.01 to 0.05). Generally, maximum responses occurred at a phytase level of 1050 U/kg diet for the 0.7 g aP/kg diets and 700 U for the 1.6 g aP/kg diets. Based on non-linear and linear response equations generated for the phytase and aP levels, the average function of the equivalency of P (Y, g/kg) v. microbial phytase (X, U/kg) was developed across aP levels of 0.7 and 1.6 g/kg for average daily weight gain and apparent digestibility of P: Y = 2.622–2.559e-0.00185x. The replacement of 1 g inorganic P as defluorinated phosphate would require about 246 U microbial phytase. This represents 41% of released P from phytate.

Keywords

PhosphorusPhytaseMaizeSoyahean
Type
Animal Nutrition
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 76 , Issue 4 , October 1996 , pp. 563 - 578
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1996

References

REFERENCES

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Google Scholar
Combs, N. R., Kornegay, E. T., Lindemann, M. D., Notter, D. \R., Wilson, J. H. & Mason, J. P. (1991). Calcium and phosphorus requirement of swine from weaning to market weight: II. Development of response curves for bone criteria and comparison of bending and shear bone testing. Journal of Animal Science 69, 682–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Consortium (1988). Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. Champaign, IL:Consortium for Developing a Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching.Google Scholar
Cromwell, G. L. (1992). The biological availability of phosphorus in feedstuffs for pigs. Pig News & Information 13, 75N.Google Scholar
Cromwell, G. L. & Coffey, R. D. (1991). Phosphorus - a key essential nutrient, yet a possible major pollutant - its central role in animal nutrition. In Biotechnology in the Feed Industry, pp. 133–145 [Lyons, T. P., editor]. Nicholasville, KY: Alltech Technical Publications.Google Scholar
Cromwell, G. L., Coffey, R. D. & Monegue, H. J. (1993a). Phytase (Natuphos®) improves phytate phosphorus utilization in corn soybean meal for pigs. Journal of Animal Sciences 71, Suppl. 1, 165 Abstr.Google Scholar
Cromwell, G. L., Stahly, T. S., Coffey, R. D., Monegue, H. J. & Randolph, J. H. (1993b). Efficacy of phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in soybean meal and corn-soybean meal diets for pigs. Journal of Animal Science 71, 1831–1840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dellaert, B. M., Van Der Peer, G. F. U., Jongbloed, A. W.&Beer, S. (1990). A comparison of different techniques to assess the biological availability of feed phosphorus in pig feeding. The Netherlands Journal of Agriculture Science 58, 555–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppe, P. P., Schoner, F. J., Wiesche, H., Schwarz, G. & Safer, A. (1993). Phosphorus equivalency of Aspergillus-niger-phytase for piglets fed a grain-soybean-meal diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Nutrition 69, 225–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppe, P. P. & Schwarz, G. (1993). Experimental approaches to establish the phosphorus equivalency of Aspergillus niger phytase in pigs. In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Enzymes in Animal Nutrition, Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland, pp. 187–192 [Wenk, C. & Boessinger, M. editors]. Zurich: Schriftenreihe aus dem Institute für Nutztierwissenschaften Gruppe Ernäahrung.Google Scholar
Jongbloed, A. W., Mroz, Z. & Kemme, P. A. (1992). The effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for pigs on concentration and apparent digestibility of dry matter, total phosphorus, and phytic acid in different sections of alimentary tract. Journal of Animal Science 70, 1159–1168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ketaren, P. P., Batterham, E. S., Dettmann, E. B. & Farrell, D. J. (1993). Phosphorus studies in pigs. 3. Effect of phytase supplementation on the digestibility and availability of phosphorus in soya-bean meal for grower pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 70, 289–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch, M. E. & Mahan, D. C. (1985). An evaluation of various characteristics in assessing low phosphorus intake in growing swine. Journal of Animal Science 60, 699–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch, M. E., Mahan, D. C. & Corley, J. R. (1984). An evaluation of varying biological characteristics in assessing low phosphorus intake in weaning swine. Journal of Animal Science 59, 1546–1556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lei, X. G., Ku, P. K., Miller, E. R. & Yokoyama, M. T. (1993 a). Supplementing corn soybean meal diets with microbial phytase linearly improves phytate phosphorus utilization by weaning pigs. Journal of Animal Science 71, 3359–3367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lei, X. G., Ku, P. K., Miller, E. R., Yokoyama, M. T. & Ullrey, D. E. (1993 b). Supplementing corn soybean meal diets with microbial phytase maximizes phytate phosphorus utilization by weaning pigs. Journal of Animal Science 71, 3368–3375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lei, X. G., Ku, P. K., Miller, E. R., Yokoyama, M. T. & Ullrey, D. E. (1994). Calcium level affects the efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase in corn-soybean medl diets of weaning pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72, 139–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mroz, Z., Jongbloed, A. W. & Kemme, P. A. (1994). Apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients bound to phytate complexes as influenced by microbial phytase and feeding regimen in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72, 126–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, J. P., Jones, D. D. & Christianson, L. L. (1990). Mechanical ventilation of swine buildings. In Pork Industry Handbook no. 60, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.Google Scholar
Nasi, M. (1990). Microbial phytase supplementation for improving availability of plant phosphorus in the diet of the growing pigs. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland 62, 435–443.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1988). Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 9th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Pallauf, J., Hohler, D. & Rimbach, G. (1992). Effect of microbial phytase supplementation to a maize-soya diet on the apparent absorption of Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn and Zn-status in piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 68, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallauf, J., Rimbach, G., Pippig, S., Schindler, B. & Most, E. (1994). Effect of phytase supplementation of a phytate-rich diet based on wheat, barley and soya on the bioavailability of dietary phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and protein in piglets. Agribiological Research 47, 39–49.Google Scholar
Pointillart, A., Foundin, A., Bourdeau, A. & Thomasset, M. (1989). Phosphorus utilization and hormonal control of calcium metabolism in pigs fed phytic phosphorus diets containing normal or high calcium levels. Nutrition Reports International 40, 517–527.Google Scholar
Qian, H., Kornegay, E. T. & Conner, D. E. Jr (1996). Adverse effects of ca1cium:phosphorus ratios on supplemental phytase efficacy for weanling pigs fed different dietary phosphorus levels. Journal of Animal Science 74, 1288–1297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinhart, G. A. & Mahan, C. C. (1986). Effect of various ca1cium:phosphorus ratios at low and high dietary phosphorus for starter, grower and finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 63, 457–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems (1990). SAS/STAT User's Guide: Statistics Release 6.04 Ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.Google Scholar
Simons, P. C. M., Versteegh, H. A. J., Jongbloed, A. W., Kemme, P. A., Slump, P., Bos, K. D., Wolters, M. G. E., Beudeker, R. F. & Verschoor, G. J. (1990). Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 64, 525–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veum, T. L., Liu, J., Bollinger, D. W., Zyla, K. & Ledoux, D. R. (1994). Use of a microbial phytase in a canola-grain sorghum diet to increase phosphorus utilization by growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72, Suppl. 1, 218 Abstr.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. H. (1991). Bone strength of caged layers as affected by dietary calcium and phosphorus concentration, reconditioning and ash content. British Poultry Science 32, 501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yi, Z., Kornegay, E. T., Lindemann, M. D. & Ravindran, V. (1994). Effectiveness of Natuphosm® phytase in improving the bioavailabilities of phosphorus and other nutrients in soybean meal-based semi-purified diets for young pigs. Journal of Animal Science 12, Suppl. 1, 7 Abstr.Google Scholar