Cover not available
Part of
Specific Language Impairment: Current trends in research
Edited by Stavroula Stavrakaki
[Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 58] 2015
► pp. 215–252

Specific Language Impairment in German Children

The article provides an overview of linguistic research on SLI in German, concentrating on linguistic markers and accounts of the underlying deficit. It focuses on verbal morpho-syntax and verb placement, characteristic difficulties in German SLI. It argues, however, that the difficulties also concern areas of syntax and semantics such as Wh-questions in accordance with cross-linguistic findings. These broader difficulties point to problems with complex linguistic computations in general – in syntax and semantics – rather than a specific mechanism. Additionally, the article describes deviant development in the acquisition of the lexicon and German verb semantics arguing that specific linguistic properties can reveal deep properties of the syndrome. Finally, new research directions for the identification of cross-linguistic markers of SLI are explored.

Published online: 11 August 2015
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.58.10ham
References
Bühring, D
1995 The 59th Bridge Accent: The Meaning of Focus and Topic. PhD dissertation, University of Köln.
Burns, F., de Villiers, P., Zurer Pearson, B. & Champion, T
2012 Dialect-neutral indices of narrative cohesion and evaluation. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 43: 132–152. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chilla, S
2008 Erstsprache, Zweitsprache, Spezifische Sprach-entwicklungsstörung? Eine Untersuchung des Erwerbs der deutschen Hauptsatzstruktur durch sukzessiv-bilinguale Kinder mit türkischer Erstsprache. Hamburg: Kovac.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N
1965 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
1995 The Minimalist Program. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H
1984 Der Erwerb der Kasusmarkierungen in der deutschen Kindersprache. Linguistische Berichte 89: 1–31.Google Scholar
1986 Verb inflections in German child language: Acquisition of agreement markings and the functions they encode. Linguistics 24: 79–122. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1988 Kritische Phasen der Grammatikentwicklung. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 7: 3–31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1989 The grammatical characterization of developmental dysphasia. Linguistics 27: 897–920. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1991a Child Language and Developmental Dysphasia. Linguistic Studies of the Acquisition of German [Studies in Speech Pathology and Clinical Linguistics 2]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1991b Constraints on parameter setting. Language Acquisition 1: 361–391. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1999 Linguistic perspectives on Specific Language Impairment. In Handbook of Child Language Acquisition, T. Bhatia & W. Ritchie (eds), 675–704. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H., Bartke, S. & Göllner, S
1997 Formal features in impaired grammars: A comparison of English and German SLI children. Journal of Neurolinguistics 10: 151–171. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H. & Dalakakis, J
1999 Tense and agreement in Greek SLI: A case study. Essex Research Reports in Linguistics 24: 1–25.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H., Eisenbeiss, S. & Penke, M
1996 Lexical learning and early development. In Generative Perspectives on Language Acquisition [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 14], H. Clahsen (ed.), 129–160. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H., Kursawe, C. & Penke, M
1996 Introducing CP: Wh-questions and subordinate clauses in German child language. Essex Research Reports in Linguistics 7: 1–28.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H. & Penke, M
1992 The acquisition of agreement morphology and its syntactic consequences: New evidence on German child language from the Simone corpus. In The Acquisition of Verb Placement, J. Meisel (ed.), 181–224. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H., Rothweiler, M., Woest, A. & Marcus, G
1992 Regular and irregular inflection in the acquisition of German noun plurals. Cognition 45: 225–255. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Collings, A
1989 Zum Kasuserwerb beim Dysgrammatismus. Ms, University of Düsseldorf.
Collings, A., Puschmann, B. & Rothweiler, M
1989 Dygrammatismus – Ein Defizit der grammatischen Kongruenz. Neurolinguistik 2 127–143.Google Scholar
Délage, H., Monjauze, C., Hamann, C. & Tuller, L
2008 Relative clauses in atypical acquisition of French. In Language Acquisition and Development, Proceedings of GALA 2007, A. Gavarró & M.J. Freitas (eds), 166–176. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
De Jong, J
2003 Specific Language Impairment and linguistic explanation. In Language Competence Across Populations, Y. Levy & J. Schaeffer (eds), 151–170. Mahwah NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
de Villiers, J., Roeper, T., Bland-Stewart, L. & Pearson, B
2008 Answering hard questions: Wh-movement across dialects and disorder. Applied Psycholinguistics 29: 67–103. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eisenbeiss, S
2003 Merkmalsgesteuerter Grammatikerwerb. PhD dissertation, University of Düsseldorf.
Eisenbeiss, S., Bartke, S. & Clahsen, H
2006 Structural and lexical case in child German: Evidence from language-impaired and typically developing children. Language Acquisition 13: 3–32. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fisher, C., Gleitman, L. & Gleitman, H
1991 On the semantic content of subcategorization frames. Cognitive Psychology 23: 331–392. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J.A
1983 The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Franck, J., Lassi, G., Frauenfelder, U.H. & Rizzi, L
2006 Agreement and movement: A syntactic analysis of attraction. Cognition 101(1): 173–216. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Friedmann, N., Belletti, A. & Rizzi, L
2009 Relativized relatives: Types of intervention in the acquisition of A’-dependencies. Lingua 119: 67–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gall, F
1835 The Function of the Brain and Each of Its Parts, 5: Organology. Boston MA: Marsh, Capen & Lyon.Google Scholar
Gathercole, S. & Baddeley, A
1993 Working Memory and Language. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Gazdar, G., Klein, E., Pullum G. & Sag, I
1985 Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gopnik, M
1990 Feature-blind grammar and dysphasia. Nature 344, 715. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grillo, A
2008 Generalized Minimality: Syntactic Underspecification in Broca’s Aphasia. PhD dissertation, University of Utrecht, LOT.
Grimm, H
1983 Kognitions- und interaktionspsychologische Aspekte der Entwicklungsdysphasie. Sprache und Kognition 3: 169–186.Google Scholar
1993 Syntax and morphological difficulties in German-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment: Implications for diagnosis and intervention. In Language Acquisition Problems and Reading Disorders: Aspects of Diagnosis and Intervention, H. Grimm & H. Skowronek (eds), 25–63. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grimm, H. & Weinert, S
1990 Is the syntax development of dysphasic children deviant and why? New findings to an old question. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 33: 220–228. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haegemann, L
1991 Introduction to Government and Binding. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Haffner, U
1995 Gut reden kann ich. Dortmund: Verlag Modernes Lernen.Google Scholar
Haider, H
1985 The case of German. In Studies in German Grammar, J. Toman (ed.). Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Hamann, C
1996 Null arguments in German child language. Language Acquisition 5: 155–208. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000 The acquisition of constituent questions and the requirements of interpretation. In The Acquisition of Syntax, M.-A. Friedemann & L. Rizzi (eds), 170–201. London: Longman.Google Scholar
2002 From Syntax to Discourse. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006 Speculations about early syntax: The production of wh-questions by normally developing French children and French children with SLI. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 5: 143–189.Google Scholar
2012 Bilingual development and language assessment. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, A.K. Biller, E.Y. Chung & A.E. Kimball (eds), 1–28. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Hamann, C., Lindner, K. & Penner, Z
2001 Tense, reference time and language impairment in German children. In Audiatur Vox Sapientiae, C. Fery & W. Sternefeld (eds), 182–213. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Hamann, C., Penner, Z. & Lindner, K
1998 German impaired grammar: The clause structure revisited. Language Acquisition 7: 193–246. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hamann, C., Tuller, L., Monjauze, C., Délage, H. & Henry, C
2007 (Un)successful subordination in French-speaking children and adolescents with SLI. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, H. Gaunt-Nutton, S. Kulatilake & I. Woo, (eds), 286–297. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Hamblin, C
1973 Questions in the Montague English. Foundations of Language 10: 41–53.Google Scholar
Hansen, D
1994 Zur Wirksamkeit und Effizienz einer psycholinguistisch begründeten Methode der Sprachtherapie bei kindlichem Dysgrammatismus. Sprache-Stimme-Gehör 18: 25–33.Google Scholar
Holtz, A
1988 Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Pluralmorphologie bei sprachbehinderten Kindern. Ulm: Ulmer Publikationen zur Sprachbehindertenpädagogik.Google Scholar
Ingham, R., Fletcher, P., Schelletter, C. & Sinka, I
1998 Resultative VPs and specific language impairment. Language Acquisition 7: 87–111. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jakubowicz, C
2004 Question formation in French SLI: Is movement costly? Paper presented at Groningen Workshop on the L1 Acquisition of Tense, Aspect and Questions. June 11, 2004, University of Groningen.
Jakubowicz, C., Nash, L., Rigaut, C. & Gérard, C.L
1998 Determiners and clitic pronouns in French-speaking children with SLI. Language Acquisition 7: 113–60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kaltenbacher, E. & Lindner, K
1990 Some aspects of delayed and deviant development in language-impaired children learning German. Paper presented at the meeting of the European Group for Child Language Disorders, Roros, Norway.
Kayne, R
1994 The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kegel, G. & Günther, H
(eds) 1981 Psycholinguistische Untersuchungen zum kindlichen Agrammatismus. München: Institut für Phonetische und Sprachliche Kommunikation.Google Scholar
Kerschensteiner, M. & Huber, W
1975 Grammatical impairment in developmental aphasia. Cortex 11: 264–282. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Koster, J
1975 Dutch as an SOV language. Linguistic Analysis 1: 111–36.Google Scholar
Kroffke, S. & Rothweiler, M
2006 Variation im frühen Zweitspracherwerb des Deutschen durch Kinder mit türkischer Erstsprache. In Variation in Sprachtheorie und Spracherwerb. Akten des 39. Linguistischen Kolloquiums in Amsterdam 2004, M. Vliegen (ed.), 145–153. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Leonard, L
1998 Children with Specific Language Impairment. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Leonard, L., Ellis Weismer, S., Miller, C.A., Francis, D., Tomblin, J.B. & Kail, R
2007 Speed of processing, working memory and language impairment in children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50: 408–428. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liebmann, A
1901 Agrammatismus Infantilis. Archiv für Psychatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 34: 240–252. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lindner, K., Stoll, S. & Täubner, K
1994 Aktionsarten and verb inflection in German: A comparison of normal children with children with SLI. Paper presented at the Meeting for the European Group for Child Language Disorders, Garderen, The Netherlands.
Markmann, E
1994 Constraints on word meaning in early language acquisition. In The Acquisition of the Lexicon, L. Gleitman & B. Landau (eds), 199–227. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Meisel, J
(ed.) 1992 The Acquisition of Verb Placement. Dortrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Menyuk, P
1975 Children with language problems: What’s the problem? In Georgetown Roundtable on Language and Linguistics, D. Dato (ed.), 129–144. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
1978 Linguistic problems in children with developmental dyphasia. In Developmental dysphasia, M. Wyke (ed.), 138–158. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Miller, M
1979 The Logic of Language Development in Early Childhood. Berlin: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mills, A
1985 The acquisition of German. In The Cross-linguistic Study of Language Acquisition 1, D. Slobin (ed.), 141–254. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Montgomery, J., Beula, W., Magimairaj, M. & Finney, M.C
2010 Working memory and Specific Language Impairment: An update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 19: 78–94. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Müller, G. & Sternefeld, W
1993 Improper movement and unambiguous binding. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 461–507.Google Scholar
Naigles, L
1990 Children use syntax to learn verb meaning. Journal of Child Language 15: 257–272.Google Scholar
Novogrodsky, R. & Friedmann, N
2006 The production of relative clauses in SLI: A window to the nature of the impairment. Advances in Speech Language Pathology 8: 364–375. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Oetting, J.B., Rice, M. & Swank, L
1995 Quick incidental learning (QUIL) of words by school-age children with and without SLI. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 38: 434–445. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Owen, A. & Leonard, L
2006 The Production of Finite and Nonfinite Complement Clauses by Children With Specific Language Impairment and Their Typically Developing Peers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 49: 548–571. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Paradis, J
2010 The Interface between Bilingual Development and Specific Langauge Impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics 31: 227–252. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Paradis, J. & Crago, M
2001 The morphosyntax of specific language impairment in French: Evidence for an extended optional default account. Language Acquisition 9: 269–300. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Penner, Z
1990 On the acquisition of verb-placement and verb projection raising in Bernese Swiss German. In Spracherwerb und Grammatik. Linguistische Untersuchungen zum Erwerb von Syntax und Morphologie [Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft 3], M. Rothweiler (ed.), 166–189. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.Google Scholar
Penner, Z., Wymann, K. & Schulz, P
1999 Specific Language Impariment revisited: parallelism vs. deviance: a learning theoretical approach. In Normal and Impaired Language Acquistion. Studies in Lexical, Syntactic And Phonological Development [Arbeitspapier 105], Z. Penner, P. Schulz & K. Wymann (eds), 1–26. Konstanz: Fachgruppe Sprachwissenschaft, University of Konstanz.Google Scholar
Penner, Z., Schoenenberger, M. & Weissenborn, J
1994 The acquisition of object placement in early German and Swiss German. Linguistics in Potsdam 1: 93–108.Google Scholar
Penner, Z., Schulz, P. & Wymann, K
2003 Learning the meaning of verbs: What distinguishes language impaired from normally developing children? Linguistics 41(2): 289–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pinker, S
1994 How could a child use verb syntax to learn verb semantics. In Lingua 92: 377–410. Special issue on Lexical Acquisition, L. Gleitman & B. Landau (eds). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Poeppel, D. & Wexler, K
1993 The Full Competence Hypothesis of clause structure in early German. Language 69: 1–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Prévost, P. & Tuller, L
Submitted. Complexity and production/comprehension asymmetries in the acquisition of wh-questions in French: Comparing second language acquisition and language impairment in children.
Pustojevsky, J
1995 The Generative Lexicon. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Reis, M. & Rosengren, I
1991 What do imperatives tell us about wh-movement? Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10: 97–118.Google Scholar
Rice, M., Hoffman, L. & Wexler, K
2009 Judgments of omitted Be and Do in questions as extended finiteness clinical markers of Specific Language Impairment to 15 years: A study of growth and asymptote. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 52: 1417–1433. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rice, M., Oetting, J., Marquis, J., Bode, J. & Pae, S
1994 Frequency of input effects on word comprehension of children with Specific Language Impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37: 106–122. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rice, M., Ruff Noll, K. & Grimm, H
1997 An extended optional infinitive stage in German-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment. Language Acquisition 6: 255–295. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rice, M. & Wexler, K
1996 Toward tense as a clinical marker of Specific Language Impairment in English-speaking children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 39: 850–863. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rizzi, L
1990 Speculations on verb second. In Grammar in Progress, J. Mascaro & M. Nespor (eds), 375–386. Dordrecht: Foris. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1994 Some notes on linguistic theory and language development: The case of root infinitives. Language Acquisition 3: 371–393. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1997 The fine structure of the Left Periphery. In Elements of Grammar. A Handbook of Generative Syntax, L. Haegeman (ed.), 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
2004 Locality and Left Periphery. In Structures and Beyond. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 3, A. Belletti (ed.), 223–251. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Roberts, S
1995 Functional Categories in the Grammars of English- and German-speaking Children with Specific Language Impairment. MA thesis, Perdue University.
Roeper, T
1996 The role of merger theory and formal features in acquisition. In Generative Perspectives on Language Acquisition [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 14], H. Clahsen (ed.), 415–450. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Roeper, T., & de Villiers, J
1991 The emergence of bound variable structures. In Papers on the Acquisition of Wh. University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers, Maxfeld, T. & B. Plunkett (eds). Amherst MA: GLSA.Google Scholar
Rothweiler, M
1999 Neue Ergebnisse zum fast mapping bei sprachnormalen und sprachentwicklungsgestörten Kindern. In Das Lexikon im Spracherwerb, J. Meibauer & M. Rothweiler (eds), 252–277. Tübingen: A. Francke Verlag.Google Scholar
2006 The acquisition of V2 and of subordinate clauses in early successive acquisition of German. In Interfaces in Multilingualism [Hamburg Studies on Multilingualism 4], Conxita Lleo (ed.), 91–114. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rothweiler, M., Chilla, S. & Clahsen, H
2012 Subject verb agreement in specific language impairment: A study of monolingual and bilingual German-speaking children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15: 39–57. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rothweiler, M. & Clahsen, H
1993 Dissociations in SLI children’s inflectional systems: A study of participle inflection and subject-verb-agreement. Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 18: 169–179. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schöler, H. & Kany, W
1989 Lernprozesse beim Erwerb von Flexionsmorphemen: Ein Vergleich sprachbehinderter mit sprach-unauffälligen Kindern am Beispiel der Pluralmarkierung. In Sprachwissenschaft und Psycholinguistik 3, G. Kegel (ed.), 123–175. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schönenberger, M., Rothweiler, M. & Sterner, F
2012 Case marking in child L1 and early child L2 German. In Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies, K. Braunmüller & C. Gabriel (eds) [Hamburg Studies on Multilingualism 13]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schütze, C
1997 Infl in Child and Adult Language: Agreement, Case and Licensing. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Schütze, C. & Wexler, K
1996 Subject case licencing and English root infinitives. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, A. Stringfellow, D. Cahana-Amitay, E. Hughes & A. Zukowsky (eds), 670–681. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Schulz, P. & Roeper, T
2011 Acquisition of exhaustivity in wh-questions: A semantic dimension of SLI? Lingua 121: 383–407. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schulz, P., Wymann, K. & Penner, Z
2001 The early acquisition of verb meaning in German by normally developing and language impaired children. Brain and Language 77: 407–418. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Seymoure, H.N., Roeper, T. & de Villiers, J
2005 Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation (DELV). London: Pearson.Google Scholar
Stavrakaki, S
2006 Developmental Perspectives on Specific Language Impairment: Evidence from the Production of Wh-questions by Greek SLI Children over Time. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 8(4): 384–396. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stavrakaki, S., Vogindroukas, I., Chelas, E. & Ghousi, S
2008 Subject- verb agreement in SLI and child L2: A comparative approach to Greek SLI and (un)impaired child L2. In Language Acquisition and Development, Proceedings of GALA 2007, A. Gavarró & M.J. Freitas (eds), 413–423. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Stechow, A. & Sternefeld, W
1988 Bausteine syntaktischen Wissens. Ein Lehrbuch der generativen Grammatik. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tsimpli, I. & Mastropavlou, M
2007 Feature interpretability in L2 acquisition and SLI: Greek clitics and determiners. In The Role of Formal Features in Second Language Acquisition, J. Licaeras, H. Zoble & H. Goodluck (eds), 142–183. Mahwah NJ: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tuller, L., Henry, C., Sizaret E. & Barthez, M.-A
2012 SLI at adolescence: Avoiding complexity. Applied Psycholinguistics 33: 161–184. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Uchermann, V.C
1891 Drei Fälle von Stummheit (Aphasie) ohne Taubheit, Lähmung oder Geistesschwäche. Sowie ein durch Schreck verursachter Fall von Taubstummheit, ein Fall von verschwindender angeborner Taubstummheit und ein Fall von Stummheit durch Zungenparalysis. Wiesbaden: J.F. BergmannGoogle Scholar
Ullmann, M.T. & Pierpoint, E.I
2005 Specific Language Impairment is not specific to language: The procedural deficit hypothesis. Cortex 41: 399–433. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van der Lely, H.K.J
1994 Canonical linking rules: Forward vs. reverse linking in normally and specifically language impaired children. Cognition 51: 29–72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1998 SLI in children: Movement, economy, and deficits in the computational-syntactic system. Language Acquisition 7: 161–192. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005 Grammatical-SLI and the computational grammatical complexity hypothesis. Revue Frequences 17(3): 13–20.Google Scholar
van der Lely, H.K.J. & Marshall, C
2011 Grammatical-Specific Language Impairment: A window onto domain specificity. In Handbook of Psycholinguistics & Cognitive Processing Perspectives in Communication Disorders, J. Guendouzi, F. Loncke & M. Williams (eds), 401–418. New York NY: LEA Taylor & Francis. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van der Lely, H.K.J. & Stollwerck, L
1997 Binding theory and specifically language impaired children. Cognition 62: 245–290. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van Hout, A
1996 Event Semantics of Verb Frame Alternation. A case Study of Dutch and its Acquisition. PhD dissertation, University of Tilburg.
Veit, S
1986 Das Verständnis von Plural- und Komparativformen bei (entwicklungs)dysgrammatischen Kindern im Vorschulalter. In Sprachwissenschaft und Psycholinguistik 3, G. Kegel (ed.), 217–286. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wegener, H
1990 Der Dativ – ein struktureller Kasus? In Strukturen und Merkmale syntaktischer Kategorien, G. Fanselow & S. Felix (eds), 70–103. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Weissenborn, J
1990 Functional categories and verb movement: The acquisition of German syntax reconsidered. In Spracherwerb und Grammatik. Linguistische Untersuchungen zum Erwerb von Syntax Und Morphologie [Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft 3], M. Rothweiler (ed.). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1991 Null subjects in early grammars. In Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition, J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck & T. Roeper (eds). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Wexler, K
1994 Optional infinitives, head movement and the economy of derivations in child grammar. In Verb Movement, N. Hornstein & D. Lightfoot (eds), 305–350. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1998 Very early parameter setting and the unique checking constraint: A new explanation of the Optional Infinitive stage. Lingua 106: 23–79. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wexler, K., Schütze, C. & Rice, M
1998 Subject Case in children with SLI and unaffected controls: Evidence for the Agr/Tns Omission Model. Language Acquisition 7: 317–344. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wittek, A
1999 …and the Prince Woke the Sleeping Beauty Again. Learning the Meaning of Change-of-state Verbs: A Case Study in German. PhD dissertation, MPI Nijmegen/University of Tübingen.
Wittek, A. & Tomasello, M
2005 German-speaking children’s productivity with syntactic constructions and case morphology: local cues act locally. First Language 25: 103–125. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wojtecka, M. & Schulz, P
2011 Exhaustive wh-questions in eL2TD and SLI children. Paper presented at the Eskisehir Cost meeting, 2011.
Wunderlich, D
1997 Cause and the structure of verbs. Linguistic Inquiry 28: 27–68.Google Scholar
Zeller, J
1994 Die Syntax des Tempus. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zwart, C.J.W
1993 Dutch Syntax. PhD dissertation, University of Groningen.
Cited by

Cited by 4 other publications

Hamann, Cornelia & Lina Abed Ibrahim
2017. Methods for Identifying Specific Language Impairment in Bilingual Populations in Germany. Frontiers in Communication 2 DOI logo
Rakhlin, Natalia V., Nan Li, Abdullah Aljughaiman & Elena L. Grigorenko
2020. Narrative Language Markers of Arabic Language Development and Impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63:10 ► pp. 3472 ff. DOI logo
Schulz, Petra
2018. Chapter 6. Telicity in typical and impaired acquisition. In Semantics in Language Acquisition [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 24], ► pp. 124 ff. DOI logo
Stegenwallner-Schütz, Maja & Flavia Adani
2021. Number Dissimilarity Effects in Object-Initial Sentence Comprehension by German-Speaking Children With Specific Language Impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64:3 ► pp. 870 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.