Abstract
The field of international security studies drastically evolved over the last few decades. Critical security studies emerged as one trend, seeking to make explicit statist orientations of traditional security studies, the Paris School being one such branch, highlighting the role of security professionals and the importance of studying repetitive regimes of practices. Other security trends tilted toward the creation of ontological security studies (OSS), placing importance on the concept of autobiographical narratives, routines, and anxiety—bringing importance to the unconscious drivers of actor behavior in IR. Given the shared focus on regimes of practices, it is surprising that these two schools of thought have not paired together to address questions of security. In this article, I will critically interrogate the literature on OSS and the Paris school, drawing out key debates and questions from both schools of thought. I suggest that although these two areas have previously been treated as separate, there is much potential for synthesizing this literature that opens up new spaces for inquiry.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences.
Governmentality emphasizes the mutually constitutive relationship between practice and theory: how does governmental behavior organize, constrain, presuppose, and construct its subjects. How does the social order induce individuals and groups to behave in a specific way? Consider governmentality as an organizing principles that has a specific order. In other words, it marks some behavior as rational and others as irrational. It is also contingent on different contexts, and many can happen at once. Governmentality is reinforced by practices (Lawrence 2020).
See Bigo 2014, p. 211: 1) the military strategic field, 2) the internal security field, and 3) the global cybersurveillance social universe. These different social universes had different characterizations which created the opportunities for different discourses to gain prominence.
See Krickel-Choi (2021) for a detailed disciplinary history of how International Relations took an emotional turn.
References
Adler-Nissen, Rebecca. 2014. Stigma Management in International Relations; Transgressive Identities, Norms, and Order in International Society. International Organization 68 (1): 143–176.
Agius, Christine. 2017. Drawing the Discourses of Ontological Security: Immigration and Identity in the Danish and Swedish Cartoon Crises. Cooperation and Conflict 52 (1): 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716653157.
Akchurina, Viktoria, and Vincent Della Sala. 2018. Russia, Europe and the Ontological Security Dilemma: Narrating the Emerging Eurasian Space. Europe-Asia Studies 70 (10): 1638–1655. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1546829.
Atkinson, Rowland, and John Flint. 2004. Fortress UK? Gated Communities, the Spatial Revolt of the Elites and Time-Space Trajectories of Segregation. Housing Studies 19 (6): 875–892.
Balzacq, Thierry. 2005. The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context. European Journal of International Relations 11 (2): 171–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105052960.
Balzacq, Thierry. 2019. Securitization Theory: Past, Present, and Future. Polity 51 (2): 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1086/701884.
Basaran, Tugba. 2008. Security, Laws, Borders: Spaces of Exclusion. International Political Sociology 2 (4): 339–354.
Bayly, Martin. 2015. Imperial Ontological (in)Security: ‘Buffer States’, International Relations, and the Case of Anglo-Afghan Relations, 1808–1878. European Journal of International Relations 21 (4): 816–840.
Beerli, Monique. 2018. Saving the Saviors: Security Practices and Professional Struggles in the Humanitarian Space. International Political Sociology 12 (1): 70–87.
Berenskoetter, Felix. 2014. Parameters of a National Biography. European Journal of International Relations 20: 262–288.
Berenskoetter, Felix. 2020. Anxiety, time and agency. International Theory 12 (2): 273–290.
Berenskoetter, Felix, and Bastian Giegerich. 2010. From NATO to ESDP: A Social Constructivist Analysis of German Strategic Adjustment after the End of the Cold War. Security Studies 19 (3): 407–452.
Bigo, Didier. 2000. Border Regimes and Security in an Enlarged European Community: Police Cooperation with CEECs: Between trust and obligation. EUI Working Papers 65: 1–31.
Bigo, Didier. 2002. Security and immigration: Towards a critique of the governmentality of unease. Alternatives: Global Local, Political 27: 63–92.
Bigo, Didier. 2006. Internal and External Aspects of Security. European Security 15 (4): 405–422.
Bigo, Didier. 2014. The (in)Securitization Practices of the Three Universes of EU Border Control: Military/Navy – Border Guards/Police – Database Analysts. Security Dialogue 45 (3): 209–225.
Bigo, Didier. 2020. Inoperability: A Political Technology for the Datafication of the Field of EU Internal Security? In The Routledge Handbook of Critical European Studies: Routledge.
Bigo, D., and E. Guild. 2005. La logique du visa Schengen: Police distance. Cultures & Conflicts: La Mise L’ecart Des Etrangers 49: 5–148.
Bigo, Didier and Emma McCluskey. 2018. “What is a PARIS Approach to (In)Securitization?” The Oxford Handbook of International Relations.
Bigo, Didier and Anastassia Tsoukala. 2008. “Understanding (In)Security. Terror, Insecurity, and Liberty: Illiberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11” Routledge.
Bigo, Didier. 1994. “The European Internal Security Field: Stakes and Rivalries in a Newly Developing Area of Police Intervention” In Policing Across National Boundaries. London: Pinter: 161–173.
Bigo, Didier. 2005. “Globalized (In) Security: The Field and the Ban-Opticon.” In Translation, Biopolitics, Colonial Difference. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Bonditti, P. 2004. From Territorial Space to Networks: A Foucauldian Approach to the Implementation of Biopolitics. Alternatives 29 (4): 465–482.
Bonditti, Philippe. 2005. “Un enemi anonyme et sans visage” [An Invisible, Faceless Enemy]. Cultures & Conflicts 58: 131–154.
Booth, Ken. 1991. Security and Emancipation. Review of International Studies 17 (4): 313–326.
Browning, Christopher. 2018. ’Je Suis en Terrace’: Political Violence, Civilizational Politics, and the Everyday Courage to be. Political Psychology 39 (2): 243–261.
Browning, Christopher. 2019. Brexit Populism and Fantasies of Fulfilment. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32 (3): 222–244.
Browning, Christopher S., and Pertti Joenniemi. 2017. Ontological Security, Self-Articulation and the Securitization of Identity. Cooperation and Conflict 52 (1): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716653161.
Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Cash, John. 2017. The Dilemma of Ontological Insecurity in a Postcolonising Northern Ireland. Postcolonial Studies 20 (3): 387–410.
Cash, John, and Catarina Kinnvall. 2017. Postcolonial Bordering and Ontological Insecurities. Postcolonial Studies 20 (3): 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2017.1391670.
Ceyhan, Ayse. 1998. “Analyser la securite: Dillon, Waever, Williams et les autres’ [Analyzing Security: Dillon, Weaver, Williams and the Others]. Cultures & Conflicts (31/-32): 39–63.
Chacko, Priya. 2014. A New ‘Special Relationship’?: Power Transitions, Ontological Security, and India-US Relations. International Studies Perspectives 15 (3): 329–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/insp.12029.
Collective, C.A.S.E. 2006. Critical Approaches to Security in Europe: A Networked Manifesto. Security Dialogue 37 (4): 443–487.
Combes, M.L., and deRaismes. 2017. Encountering the Stranger: Ontological Security and the Boston Marathon Bombing. Cooperation and Conflict 52 (1): 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716653160.
Cote, Adam. 2015. “Social Securitization Theory” PhD Thesis. University of Calgary.
Croft, S. 2012. Constructing Ontological Insecurity: The Insecuritization of Britain’s Muslims. Contemporary Security Policy 33 (2): 219–235.
Delehanty, W.K., and Brent Steele. 2009. Engaging the Narrative in Ontological (in)Security Theory: Insights from Feminist IR. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22 (3): 523–540.
Dirsuweit, Teresa. 2014. The Fear of Others: Responses to Crime and Urban Transformation in Johannesburg. In Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg after apartheid, ed. Philip Harrison, Graeme Gotz, Alison Todes, and Chris Wray, 546–552. Wits University Press.
Ejdus, F. 2020. Crisis and Ontological Security: Serbia’s Anxiety over Kosovo’s Secession. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gad, Ulrik Pram, and Karen Lund Petersen. 2011. Concepts of Politics in Securitization Studies. Security Dialogue 42 (4–5): 315–328.
Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Greve, Patricia. 2017. Ontological Security, the Struggle for Recognition, and the Maintenance of Security Communities. Journal of International Relations and Development 21 (4): 858–882.
Gricius, Gabriella, and Andreas Raspotnik. 2023. The European Union’s ‘Never Again’ Arctic Narrative. Journal of Contemporary European Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2193735.
Gustafsson, Karl. 2014. Memory Politics and Ontological Security in Sino-Japanese Relations. Asian Studies Review 38 (1): 71–86.
Gustafsson, Karl, and Nina Krickel-Choi. 2020. Returning to the Roots of Ontological Security: Insights from the Existential Anxiety Literature. European Journal of International Relations 26 (3): 875–895.
Hansen, Flemming Splidsboel. 2016. Russia’s Relations with the West: Ontological Security through Conflict. Contemporary Politics 22 (3): 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2016.1201314.
Homolar, Alexandra, and Ronny Scholz. 2019. The Power of Trump-Speak: Populist Crisis Narratives and Ontological Security. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32 (3): 344–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1575796.
Hønneland, Geir. 2017. International Politics in the Arctic: Contested Borders, Natural Resources, and Russian Foreign Policy. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
Huysmans, Jef. 1998. Security! What Do You Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier. European Journal of International Relations 4 (2): 226–255.
Huysmans, Jef. 2002. Defining Social Constructivism in Security Studies: The Normative Dilemma of Writing Security. Alternatives 27: 41–62.
Huysmans, Jef. 2014. Security Unbound: Enacting Democratic Limits. Routledge.
Huysmans, Jef, Andrew Dobson, and Raia Provkhovnik. 2006. The Politics of Protection: Sites of Insecurity and Political Agency. London: Routledge.
Innes, Alexandria. 2017. Everyday ontological security: Emotion and migration in British soaps. International Political Sociology 11 (4): 380–397.
Innes, Alexandra, and Brent Steele. 2013. Memory. Trauma and Ontological Security: Routledge.
Kazharski, Aliaksei. 2020. Civilizations as Ontological Security?: Stories of the Russian Trauma. Problems of Post-Communism 67 (1): 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2019.1591925.
Kinnvall, C. 2004. Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security. Political Psychology 25 (4): 741–767.
Kinnvall, C. 2017. Feeling Ontologically (in)Secure: States, Trauma and the Governing of Gendered Space. Cooperation and Conflict 52 (1): 90–108.
Kinnvall, C. 2019. Populism, Ontological Insecurity and Hindutva: Modi and the Masculinization of Indian Politics. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32 (3): 283–302.
Kinnvall, Catarina, and Jennifer Mitzen. 2017. An Introduction to the Special Issue: Ontological Securities in World Politics. Cooperation and Conflict 52: 3–11.
Kinnvall, Catarina, and Jennifer Mitzen. 2020. Anxiety, Fear, and Ontological Security in World Politics: Thinking with and beyond Giddens. International Theory 12 (2): 240.
Kinnvall, C., and P. Nesbitt-Larking. 2011. The Political Psychology of Globalization: Muslims in the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krahmann, Elke. 2018. The Market for Ontological Security. European Security 27 (3): 356–373.
Krickel-Choi, Nina C. 2021. “Rethinking Ontological Security Theory: Conceptual Investigations into ‘Self’ and ‘Anxiety.’”
Krolikowski, A. 2008. State Personhood in Ontological Security Theories of International Relations and Chinese Nationalism: A Skeptical View. Chinese Journal of International Politics 2 (1): 109–133.
Laing, R.D. 1960. The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. London: Penguin.
Lawrence, Jessica. 2020. Governmentality Approaches. In The Routledge Handbook of Critical European Studies: Routledge.
Lazaridis, Gabriella, and Dimitris Skleparis. 2016. Securitization of Migration and the Far Right: The case of Greek Security Professionals. International Migration 54 (2): 176–192.
Lebow, Richard. 2016. National Identities and International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
MacGinty, Roger. 2019. Circuits, the Everyday and International Relations: Connecting the Home to the International and Transnational. Cooperation and Conflict 54 (2): 234–253.
MacIntyre, A. 2007. After Virtue. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Malksoo, M. 2015. Memory must be Defended: Beyond the Politics of Mnemonical Security. Security Dialogue 46 (3): 221–237.
May, R. 1977. The Meaning of Anxiety. New York: WW Norton.
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2006. Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma. European Journal of International Relations 12 (3): 341–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066106067346.
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2018. Anxious Community: EU as (in)Security Community. European Security 27 (3): 393–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2018.1497985.
Narozhna, Tanya. 2021. Revisiting the Causes of Russian Foreign Policy Changes. Incoherent Biographical Narrative, Recognition and Russia’s Ontological Security-Seeking. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 15 (2): 56–81.
Patterson, Molly, and Kristen Monroe. 1998. Narrative in Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science 1: 315–331.
Paul, T.V., Deborah Larson, and William Wohlforth. 2014. Status in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pop, Adrian, and Ioan-David. Onel. 2023. (De)securitization and Ontological Security: The Case of the US Withdrawal from Afghanistan. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 16 (1): 84–105.
Pratt, Simon Frankel. 2017. A Relational View of Ontological Security in International Relations. International Studies Quarterly 61 (1): 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqw038.
Rumelili, B. 2015. Identity and De-Securitization: The Pitfalls of Conflating Ontological and Physical Security. Journal of International Relations and Development 18: 52–74.
Rumelili, B. 2020. Integrating Anxiety Into International Relations Theory: Hobbes, Existentialism, and Ontological Security. International Theory 12 (2): 257–272.
Schütze, Carolin. 2021. Ontological Security in Times of Global Transformation? Bureaucrats’ Perceptions on Organizational Work Life and Migration. Political Psychology 43 (1): 3–21.
Segal-Williams, Sara. 2011. The Ontological Security of Empire: Honor and Hierarchy in French Colonialism. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University.
Soloman, Ty. 2015. The Politic of Subjectivity in American Foreign Policy Discourses. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Somers, Margaret. 1994. The Narrative Construction of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach. Theory and Society 23: 605–649.
Steele, Brent J. 2005. Ontological Security and the Power of Self-Identity: British Neutrality and the American Civil Warr. Review of International fStudies 31: 519–540.
Steele, Brent J. 2008. Ontological Security in International Relations. New York: Routledge.
Steele, Brent J. 2013. Revenge, Affect and Just War. In Just War: Authority, Tradition, and Practice, ed. Anthony Lang, Cian O’Driscoll, and John Williams. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Steele, Brent J. 2017. Organizational Processes and Ontological (in)Security: Torture, the CIA and the United States. Cooperation and Conflict 52 (1): 69–89.
Steele, Brent J. 2019. Welcome Home! Routines, Ontological Insecurity and the Politics of US Military Reunion Videos. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32 (3): 322–343.
Steele, Brent J. 2022. From Subjects to Objects: Honor Flights and US Ontological Insecurity. International Relations 36 (4): 616–637.
Steele, Brent J., Christopher Browning, and Pertti Joenniemi. 2021. Vicarious Identity in International Relations: Self, Security, and Status On the Global Stage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Subotic, Jelena. 2016. Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change. Foreign Policy Analysis, January, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/fpa.12089.
Subotic, Jelena. 2019. Political Memory After State Death: The Abandoned Yugoslav National Pavilion at Auschwitz. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32 (3): 245–262.
Subotic, Jelena, and Brent J. Steele. 2018. Moral Injury in International Relations. Journal of Global Security Studies 3 (4): 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogy021.
Tillich, P. 1952. The Courage to Be. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Trombetta, Maria Julia. 2014. Linking climate-induced migration and security in the EU: Insights from the securitization debate. Critical Studies on Security 2 (2): 131–147.
Tsygankov, Andrei P., and Pavel A. Tsygankov. 2021. Constructing National Values: The Nationally Distinctive Turn in Russian IR Theory and Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy Analysis 17 (4): orab022. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orab022.
Untalan, Carmina Yu. 2020. Decentering the Self, Seeing Like the Other: Toward a Postcolonial Approach to Ontological Security. International Political Sociology 14 (1): 40–56.
van Munster, Rens. 2007. Review: Security on a Shoestring: A Hitchhiker’s Guide to Critical Schools of Security in Europe. Cooperation and Conflict 42 (2): 235–243.
Vieira, Marco. 2018. (Re-)imagining the ‘Self’ of Ontological Security: The Case of Brazil’s Ambivalent Postcolonial Subjectivity. Millennium Journal of International Studies 46 (2): 142–164.
Wilkinson, Claire. 2007. The Copenhagen School on Tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable Outside Europe. Security Dialogue 38: 5–25.
Zajko, Mike. 2015. Canada’s Cyber Security and the Changing Threat Landscape. Critical Studies on Security 3 (2): 147–161.
Zarakol, Ay.şe. 2017. States and Ontological Security: A Historical Rethinking. Cooperation and Conflict 52 (1): 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716653158.
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to Dave McIvor, Robbie Shilliam, and Renato Fakhoury for their comments on earlier versions of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares none.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gricius, G. Whose anxiety? What practices? The Paris School and ontological security studies. Int Polit (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-023-00543-8
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-023-00543-8