Abstract
Rural tourism has a pivotal role in keeping the countryside alive in the changing industrial and technological urbanized world. Constructing a rural place identity, the starting point of marketing, is the focus of this article. The authors studied the role of one stakeholder group, namely artists, in the context of place identity construction of an old rural Finnish ironworks village. The results indicate that artists are extremely important to the construction of the identity of a place. Their roles unfold as stories, artifacts and atmosphere as well as entrepreneurs. In the future, these direct and indirect roles should better be taken into consideration in the process of identity construction of a place.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aaker, D. and Joachimsthaler, E. (2000) Brand Leadership. New York: The Free Press, pp. 13, 27, 40, 48.
Anholt, S. (2002) Foreword. Journal of Brand Management 9 (4–5): 229–239.
Anholt, S. (2003) Branding places and nations. In: Brands and Branding. London: Profile Books, pp. 213–226.
Backhaus, K. and Tikoo, S. (2004) Conceptualizing and researching employer branding. Career Development International 9 (5): 501–517.
Baker, M. and Cameron, E. (2008) Critical success factors in destination marketing. Tourism and Hospitality Research 8 (2): 79–97.
Balmer, J.M.T. and Stotvig, S. (1997) Corporate identity and private banking: A review and case study. Intemational Joumal of Bank Marketing 15 (5): 169–184.
Baloglu, S. and McCleary, K. (1999) A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research 26 (4): 868–897.
Baloglu, S. and Brindberg, D. (1997) Affective images of tourism destination. Journal of Travel Research 35 (4): 11–15.
Barke, M. and Harrop, K. (1994) Selling the industrial town: Identity, image and illusion. In: J.R. Gold and S.V. Ward (eds.) Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 93–114.
Cai, L.A. (2002) Cooperative branding for rural destinations. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (3): 720–742.
Clarke, A. (2003) The cultural tourism dynamic. In: C. Ennew (ed.) Developing Cultural Tourism. Proceedings of the 2nd De Haan tourism management conference: Developing cultural tourism, Nottingham, 16 December 2003.
de Chernatony, L. (1999) Brand management through narrowing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation. Journal of Marketing Management 15 (1–3): 157–179.
de Chernatony, L. and Segal-Horn, S. (2003a) Building a service brand: Stages. The Service Industry Journal 23 (3): 1–21.
de Chernatony, L. and Segal-Horn, S. (2003b) The criteria for successful service brands. European Journal of Marketing 3 (7/8): 1095–1118.
Edvardsson, B. (1997) Quality in new service development: Key concepts and a frame of reference. International Journal of Production Economics 52 (1/2): 31–46.
Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review 14 (4): 532–550.
Esch, E.R. (2004) Moderne Markenführung: Grundlagen – Innovative Ansatze – Praktische Umsetzung. Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler.
Flamholtz, E. and Randle, Y. (2000) Growing Pains: Transitioning from an Entrepreneurship to a Professionally Managed Firm. (New, rev. edn.), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gallouj, F. (2002) Knowledge-intensive business-services: Processing knowledge and producing innovation. In: J. Gadrey and F. Gallouj (eds.) Productivity, Innovation and Knowledge in Services: New Economic and Socio-Economic Approaches. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 256–284.
van Gelder, S. and Roberts, H. (2007) Branding brings a place to life. Planning in London 16 (63): 40–42.
Garrod, B., Wornell, R. and Youell, R. (2006) Re-conceptualising rural resources as countryside capital: The case of rural tourism. Journal of Rural Studies 22 (1): 117–128.
Goeldner, C.R., Ritchie, J.R.B. and MacIntosh, R.W. (2000) Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. 8th edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Grolleau, H. (1996) Putting feelings first. In: H. Grolleau (ed.) Marketing Quality Rural Tourism: The Experience of LEADER I. Bruxelles: LEADER European Observatory.
Gummesson, E. (2001) Are current research approaches in marketing leading us astray? Marketing Theory 1 (1): 27–48.
Hall, C.M. and Jenkins, J.M. (1998) The policy dimensions of rural tourism and recreation. In: R. Butler, C.M. Hall and J.M. Jenkins (eds.) Tourism and Recreation in Rural Areas. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 19–42.
Hankinson, G. (2004) Relational network brands: Towards a conceptual model of place brands. Journal of Vacation Marketing 10 (2): 109–121.
Houghton, J.P. and Stevens, A. (2011) City branding and stakeholder engagement. In: K. Dinnie (ed.) City Branding: Theory and Cases. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, pp. 45–53.
Iliachenko, E.Y. (2005) Exploring culture, history and nature as tourist destination branding constructs: The case of a peripheral region in Sweden. The VIII Nordic-Scottish Conference on Rural and Regional Development in association with the 14th Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research,http://pure.ltu.se/portal/files/1213470/Paper.pdf, accessed 10 October 2012.
Ind, N. (1997) The Corporate Brand. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Kapferer, J.N. (1997) Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term. 1st edn. London: Kogan Page.
Kapferer, J.N. (1998) Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term. 2nd edn. London: Kogan Page.
Kavaratzis, M. (2004) From City marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Journal of Place Branding 1 (1): 58–73.
Kavaratzis, M. (2005) Place branding: a review of trends and conceptual models. The Marketing Review 5 (4): 329–342.
Kavaratzis, M. (2012) From ‘necessary evil’ to necessity: Stakeholders’ involvement in place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development 5 (1): 7–19.
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J. (2005) City branding: an effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick? Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 96 (5): 506–514.
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J. (2006) City branding: An effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick? Place Branding 2 (3): 183–194.
Kavaratzis, M. and Hatch, M.J. (2013) The dynamics of place brands: an identity-based approach to place branding theory. Marketing Theory 13 (2): 69–86.
Konecnik, M. (2004) Evaluating Slovenia’s image as a tourism destination: Self-analysis process toward building a destination brand. Journal of Brand Management 11 (4): 307–316.
Konecnik, M. and Go, F.M. (2008) Tourism destination brand identity: The case of Slovenia. Brand Management 15 (3): 177–189.
Kotler, P. (1991) Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1991) Principles of Marketing. 5th edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kotler, P., Asplund, C., Rein, L. and Heider, D.H. (1999) Marketing Places Europe: Attracting Investments, Industries, Residents and Visitors to European Cities, Communities, Regions and Nations. London: Pearson Education.
Kotler, P. and Gertner, D. (2002) Country as a brand, product and beyond: A place marketing and brand management perspective. Journal of Brand Management 9 (4/5): 249–261.
Kotler, P., Haider, D. and Rein, I. (1993) Marketing Places. New York: Free Press.
Kotler, P., Hamlin, M.A., Rein, I. and Haider, D.H. (2002) Marketing Asian Places. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
Kunzmann, K.R. (2004) Culture, creativity and spatial planning. Town Planning Review 75 (4): 383–404.
Lane, B. (1994) What is rural tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2 (1/2): 7–21.
Massey, D. (1993) Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place. In: J. Bird (ed.) Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change. London: Routledge.
Medway, D. and Warnaby, G. (2008) Alternative perspectives on marketing and the place brand. European Journal of Marketing 42 (5/6): 641–653.
Millington, S., Young, C. and Lever, J. (1997) A bibliography of city marketing. Journal of Regional and Local Studies 17 (2): 16–42.
Morgan, S.P., Pritchard, S. and Pride, R. (eds.) (2004) Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition. 2nd edn. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
The Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online, http://www.oed.com/, accessed 10 October 2012.
Pike, S. (2002) Destination image analysis – A review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000. Tourism Management 23 (5): 541–549.
Rainisto, S.K. (2001) Kaupungin kehittäminen merkkituotteena. Lahden ja Helsingin tapaustutkimukset (City Branding – Case Studies Lahti and Helsinki). Licenciate thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
Roberts, L. and Hall, D. (2001) Rural Tourism and Recreation: Principles to Practice. Wallingford: CABI.
Rural Policy Committee. 17 July 2008–16 July 2013, http://www.ruralpolicy.fi/en/rural__policy_committee, accessed 10 October 2012.
Scaramanga, M. (2012) Talking about art(s). A theoretical framework clarifying the association between culture and place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development 5 (1): 70–80.
Short, J.R. and Kim, Y. (1998) Urban crises/urban representations: Selling the city in difficult times. In: T. Hall and P. Hubbard (eds.) The Entrepreneurial City: Geographies of Politics Regimes and Representations. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 55–75.
Tasci, A.D.A. and Kozak, M. (2006) Destination brands vs. destination image: Do we know what we mean? Journal of Vacation Marketing 12 (4): 299–317.
Triandis, H.C. (2002) Subjective culture, http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=orpc&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.fi%2Fscholar%3Fq%3DOnline%2BReadings%2Bin%2BPsychology%2Band%2BCulture%2B%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5#search=%22Online%20Readings%20Psychology%20Culture%22, accessed 10 October 2012.
van Riel, C.B.M. (1995) Principles of Corporate Communication. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Prentice-Hall.
Wagner, O., Peters, M. and Schuckert, M. (2008) Internal branding in tourism destinations: The need for future research. Proceedings of the 4th World Conference for Graduate Research in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 470-486.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Appendices
APPENDIX A
Interview guide for the ironworks village
Questions for different stakeholders (for example, artists and artisans, representatives of associations and representatives of the City)
Name
Occupation
Place of residence
Please describe your connection to the village (resident, entrepreneur, working in the village, some kind of kinship to the residents and so on) and the age of the connection.
Do you actively participate in the development and activities of the village? How do you participate?
How is the village represented in your business, marketing or promotion? (ask the question, if the interviewee acts as an entrepreneur or an artist in the village)
How would you describe the village
-
as a place to live in (strengths, possible weaknesses)?
-
as a place to make your living/to make art?
-
as a place to visit?
In your opinion, who is responsible for developing well-being in the village?How should well-being be developed?
How would you describe the identity of the village? What is it made of?What do you see as characteristic for the village? What kind of images does it evoke in you? What about in tourists and other visitors? Why?
How do you see the role of artists and artisans in the identity construction of the village and the village brand?
How are the artists and artisans treated (a) by the villagers and (b) by the City? Please give some examples.
Do you think that the brand identity construction of the village has been intentional?How has it been constructed?Whom do you think the village brand is targeted to?
In your opinion, who has the main responsibility for the marketing of the village to different potential target groups? (residents, entrepreneurs, wide audience and so on)Who has the main responsibility for the marketing of the village as a tourist attraction?What can you tell us about the nationwide project for developing rural tourism, that is, tourism in the villages?
Questions for the visitors
Could you, please, tell us why you are here in the village today?What is your connection to the village?
How often do you visit this village? Why?How would you describe this place to your acquaintances who don’t know the village?
What kind of a role do you think the artists and artisans play in the image of this village?
Where do you put the greatest emphasis in your image of this village?
How important do you see the presence of artist and artisans when you visit events in the village? Why?
Thank you to interviewees
Thank you for responding to our interview!
APPENDIX B
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mittilä, T., Lepistö, T. The role of artists in place branding: A case study. Place Brand Public Dipl 9, 143–153 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2013.15
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2013.15