Abstract
While the Bush Administration includes Iran in its “Axis of Evil,” the Iranian people see this designation as a threat to Iran’s historical pro-democracy movement. Decades of mutual vilification between Iran and the United States predated President Bush’s moralistic identification of Iran as evil. The hostility between the two countries dates back to the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
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Notes
See Richard N. Frye, The Golden Age of Persia: The Arabs in the East (London: Phoenix Press, 1995), 1–2.
See Adda B. Bozeman, Politics & Culture in International History: From the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 43–56.
See, for example, Josef Wieshofer, Ancient Persia (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1996–2001).
Shah Ismail also demanded sijdah—that is, prostration before him as if he were God. See Rouhollah K. Ramazani, The Foreign Policy of Iran, 1500–1941: A Developing Nation in World Affairs (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1966).
See Roger M. Savory, “Religion in the Timurid and Safavid Periods,” The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 610–655.
See Marshall G.S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization: The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times, vol. 3 (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1974) 16–58.
See Rouhollah K. Ramazani, Iran’s Foreign Policy, 1941–73: A Study of Foreign Policy in Modernizing Nations (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975), 231–42.
See R.K. Ramazani, The United States and Iran: The Patterns of Influence (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1982), 72–124 and 77–78.
See Rouhollah K. Ramazani, “Document: The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran,” introductory note, The Middle East Journal, 34, no. 2, (spring 1980) 181–204. See also R.K. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: challenge and Response in the Middle East (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, second printing 1988 with an epilogue).
See Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 2000), 35.
Over the years I have pored over Khatami’s work in Persian and English, including numerous interviews and speeches published in Iran and the West. For readers in English I suggest as a start only a few sources here. See Mohammad Khatami, Islam, Liberty and Development (Binghamton, NY: The Institute of Global Cultural Studies, 1998);
Mohammad Khatami, Hope and Challenge: The Iranian President Speaks (Binghamton University: The Institute of Global Cultural Studies, 1997); and Milton P. Buffington, ed., Meet Mr. Khatami: The Fifth President of the Islamic Republic, translated by Mnoo R. Buffington, Special Study, Middle East Insight, Washington, DC (1997).
See R.K. Ramazani, “The Shifting Premise of Iran’s Foreign Policy: Towards A Democratic Peace?” The Middle East Journal 25, no. 2 (Spring 1998), 177–87.
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© 2004 R. K. Ramazani and Robert Fatton, Jr.
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Ramazani, R.K. (2004). Iran, Democracy, and the United States. In: Fatton, R., Ramazani, R.K. (eds) The Future of Liberal Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981455_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981455_13
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