Skip to main content

A Conceptual History of Democracy in Iran

  • Chapter
The Iranian Political Language
  • 132 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines the historical transformation of the concept of democracy as an essential concept of the Iranian political language since the constitutional revolution. A conceptual history of democracy may help us to understand the Iranian people’s spaces of political experience and democratic expectations. Through their political experiences and expectations, the Iranian people have defined their own historical time. According to Johann Gottfried von Herder, “Every mutable thing has within itself the measure of its time.” 1 The Iranian measure of time established a relation between the Iranian society’s past and present, and enabled the Iranian people to regulate their expectations and hopes concerning their space of experience. Thus, the Iranian people’s experiences of historical times are expressed through different concepts they exchange with one another in various ways and in different historical periods. Through a historiography of the concept of democracy, we can distinguish between democracy’s different meanings and scrutinize the political passion these meanings of democracy have generated among the Iranian people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p.2.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gregory Vlastos, Studies in Greek Philosophy: The Presocratics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp.89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  3. John Dunn, Setting the People Free: The Story of Democracy (London: Atlantic Books, 2005), p.114.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London: Penguin Classics, 1986), p.191.

    Google Scholar 

  5. John Dunn (ed.), Democracy: The Unfinished Journey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp.239–266.

    Google Scholar 

  6. John Dunn, Setting the People Free: The Story of Democracy (London: Atlantic Books, 2005), p.130.

    Google Scholar 

  7. John Dunn, Democracy: A History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005), p.185.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Rouledge, 2003), p.242.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Giovani Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited: Part One, The Contemporary Debate (New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Robert Dahl, Democracy, Liberty and Equalit y (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1986), pp.230–232.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Robert Dahl. Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, l989), p.120.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Guillermo A. O’Donnell, “Democratic Theory and Comparative Politics,” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 36, No.1 (Spring 2001), p.22.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hyland, Democratic Theory: The Philosophical Foundations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), p.3.

    Google Scholar 

  14. John Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988), pp.1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Alan Ritter and Julia Conaway Bondanella (eds), Rousseau’s Political Writing (London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988), p.93.

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Secker & Warburg, 1952), p.249–53.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” in Karl Marx: Selected Writings (edited by David McLellan), (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p.46.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen (edited and translated by Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.131.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Samuel P. Huntington, Michel Crozier, Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy (New York: New York University Press, 1973), p.74.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Yahya Sadowski, The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debate, Middle East Report, No.183, Political Islam, (Jul. August) 1993, p.19.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bernard Lewis, The Roots of Muslim Rage: Why So Many Muslims Deeply Resent the West, and Why Their Bitterness Will Not Easily Be Mollified (The Atlantic Monthly, September 1990), pp.56–57.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hamid Dabashi, Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Iranian Revolution, (New York: New York University Press, 1993), p.13.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Quentin Skinner, Liberty Before Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.105.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mirza Yusef Khan Mostashar alDouleh Tabrizi, Yek kalemeh va yek nameh, Beh Kusheshe Seyyed Mohammad Sadeq Feiz (Tehran: Entesharat-e Sabah, 2003), p.36.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fakhreddin Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule (London: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp.2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Tarikh-e mokhtasar-e ahzab-e siyasi-e Iran, Jeld-e avval (Tehran: Muaseseh-ye entesharat-e Amirkabir, 2001), p.2.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London: I.B. Tauris, 1999), p.259.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mansour Bonakdarian, Britain and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–1911 : Foreign Policy, Imperialism and Dissent (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 2006), p.77.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Homa Katouzian, The Campaign Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, (May 1998), pp.6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ali Ansari, Modern Iran (London: Pearson-Longman), 2007, p.38.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hamid Ahmadi (ed.), Setareh-ye sorkh 1929–1931 (Stockholm: Nashr-e Baran, 1993), p.45.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Mohammadali Homayun Kaotuzian (Homa Katouzian), Etela’ate Siyasi eqtesadi, Shomareh-ye 55–56, Farvardin va Ordibehesht 1371/March–April–May 1992, p.49.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Touraj Atabaki, From Multilingual Empire to Contested Modern State, in Iran in the 21st Century, in Politics, Economics & Conflicts, Edited by Homa Katuzian and Hossen Shahidi (London: Routledge, 2008), p.47.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hamid Ahmadi (ed.), Setareh-ye sorkh,1929–1931 Mordeh shur ham geryeh mikonad, (Raje beh etesab-e kargaran-e jonoub), p.310.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.108.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. Nouredin Kianouri, Nokati az tarikh-e hezb-e Tudeh Iran Tehran: Sherkat sahami-ye khas-e entesharat-e Tudeh Farvardin 1359 /March–April 1980, pp.8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy, From the Exile of Reza Shah to the Fall of Mussadiq (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009), p.274.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hossein Fatemi, Nameh’ha-ye Doktor Fatemi, Majaleh-ye motaleat-e tarikhi, Shomareh-ye 8, Tabestan-e 1384/Summer 1995, p.74.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mohammad Mosaddeq, Khaterat va taalomat-e Doktor Mohammad Mosaddeq (Tehran: Enhtesharat-e Mohammad Ali Elmi, 1988), p.227.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Abdolhassan Azhang, Tarikh-e jebheh-ye melli Iran, Doumahnameh-ye Bokhara, Shomareh-ye 44, Mehr va Aban-e 1384/ September–October–November 2005, pp.156–157.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ali Rahnama, An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2000), p.25.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hassan Yusefi Eshkevari, Nougerayi-ye dini (Tehran: Qasideh, 1999), p.341.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mohammad Nakhshab, Majmueh-ye asar-e Mohammad Nakhshab (Tehran: Chapakhsh, 2002), p.247.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Homa Katouzian, Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society (London: Routledge, 2003), p.122.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: I.B. Tauris, 1989), p.96.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Mostafa Rahimi, Chera ba jomhuri-ye eslami mokhalefam, nameh beh Ayatollah Khomeini, 25.10.1357/15.01.1979.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dedier Eribon, Michel Foucault (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), p.285.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rahimi, Chera ba jomhuri-ye eslami mokhalefam, nameh beh Ayatollah Khomeini, 25.10.1357/15.01.1979.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Mostafa Rahimi, Osul-e hokumat-e jomhuri, Tehran Chapkhaneh-ye Sepehr 1358 /1979.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Abbas Amanat, Apocalytic Islam and Iranian Shi’sm (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009), p.179.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Mehran Kamrava, Iran’s Intelllectual Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.143.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. David Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault (London: Vintage, 1993), p.410.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Bernard-Henri Lévy, La barbarie â visage humain (Paris: B. Grasset, 1977), pp.61–73.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jacques Rancière, The Emancipated Spectator (London: Verso Books, 2009), p.48.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 2015 Yadullah Shahibzadeh

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shahibzadeh, Y. (2015). A Conceptual History of Democracy in Iran. In: The Iranian Political Language. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137536839_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics