Abstract
This chapter examines the historical transformation of the concept of democracy as an essential concept of the Iranian political language since the constitutional revolution. A conceptual history of democracy may help us to understand the Iranian people’s spaces of political experience and democratic expectations. Through their political experiences and expectations, the Iranian people have defined their own historical time. According to Johann Gottfried von Herder, “Every mutable thing has within itself the measure of its time.” 1 The Iranian measure of time established a relation between the Iranian society’s past and present, and enabled the Iranian people to regulate their expectations and hopes concerning their space of experience. Thus, the Iranian people’s experiences of historical times are expressed through different concepts they exchange with one another in various ways and in different historical periods. Through a historiography of the concept of democracy, we can distinguish between democracy’s different meanings and scrutinize the political passion these meanings of democracy have generated among the Iranian people.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p.2.
Gregory Vlastos, Studies in Greek Philosophy: The Presocratics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp.89–96.
John Dunn, Setting the People Free: The Story of Democracy (London: Atlantic Books, 2005), p.114.
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London: Penguin Classics, 1986), p.191.
John Dunn (ed.), Democracy: The Unfinished Journey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp.239–266.
John Dunn, Setting the People Free: The Story of Democracy (London: Atlantic Books, 2005), p.130.
John Dunn, Democracy: A History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005), p.185.
Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Rouledge, 2003), p.242.
Giovani Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited: Part One, The Contemporary Debate (New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1987).
Robert Dahl, Democracy, Liberty and Equalit y (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1986), pp.230–232.
Robert Dahl. Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, l989), p.120.
Guillermo A. O’Donnell, “Democratic Theory and Comparative Politics,” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 36, No.1 (Spring 2001), p.22.
Hyland, Democratic Theory: The Philosophical Foundations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), p.3.
John Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988), pp.1–18.
Alan Ritter and Julia Conaway Bondanella (eds), Rousseau’s Political Writing (London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988), p.93.
J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Secker & Warburg, 1952), p.249–53.
Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” in Karl Marx: Selected Writings (edited by David McLellan), (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p.46.
Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen (edited and translated by Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.131.
Samuel P. Huntington, Michel Crozier, Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy (New York: New York University Press, 1973), p.74.
Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1988).
Yahya Sadowski, The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debate, Middle East Report, No.183, Political Islam, (Jul. August) 1993, p.19.
Bernard Lewis, The Roots of Muslim Rage: Why So Many Muslims Deeply Resent the West, and Why Their Bitterness Will Not Easily Be Mollified (The Atlantic Monthly, September 1990), pp.56–57.
Hamid Dabashi, Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Iranian Revolution, (New York: New York University Press, 1993), p.13.
Quentin Skinner, Liberty Before Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.105.
Mirza Yusef Khan Mostashar alDouleh Tabrizi, Yek kalemeh va yek nameh, Beh Kusheshe Seyyed Mohammad Sadeq Feiz (Tehran: Entesharat-e Sabah, 2003), p.36.
Fakhreddin Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule (London: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp.2–3.
Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Tarikh-e mokhtasar-e ahzab-e siyasi-e Iran, Jeld-e avval (Tehran: Muaseseh-ye entesharat-e Amirkabir, 2001), p.2.
Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London: I.B. Tauris, 1999), p.259.
Mansour Bonakdarian, Britain and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–1911 : Foreign Policy, Imperialism and Dissent (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 2006), p.77.
Homa Katouzian, The Campaign Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, (May 1998), pp.6–12.
Ali Ansari, Modern Iran (London: Pearson-Longman), 2007, p.38.
Hamid Ahmadi (ed.), Setareh-ye sorkh 1929–1931 (Stockholm: Nashr-e Baran, 1993), p.45.
Mohammadali Homayun Kaotuzian (Homa Katouzian), Etela’ate Siyasi eqtesadi, Shomareh-ye 55–56, Farvardin va Ordibehesht 1371/March–April–May 1992, p.49.
Touraj Atabaki, From Multilingual Empire to Contested Modern State, in Iran in the 21st Century, in Politics, Economics & Conflicts, Edited by Homa Katuzian and Hossen Shahidi (London: Routledge, 2008), p.47.
Hamid Ahmadi (ed.), Setareh-ye sorkh,1929–1931 Mordeh shur ham geryeh mikonad, (Raje beh etesab-e kargaran-e jonoub), p.310.
Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.108.
Nouredin Kianouri, Nokati az tarikh-e hezb-e Tudeh Iran Tehran: Sherkat sahami-ye khas-e entesharat-e Tudeh Farvardin 1359 /March–April 1980, pp.8–9.
Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy, From the Exile of Reza Shah to the Fall of Mussadiq (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009), p.274.
Hossein Fatemi, Nameh’ha-ye Doktor Fatemi, Majaleh-ye motaleat-e tarikhi, Shomareh-ye 8, Tabestan-e 1384/Summer 1995, p.74.
Mohammad Mosaddeq, Khaterat va taalomat-e Doktor Mohammad Mosaddeq (Tehran: Enhtesharat-e Mohammad Ali Elmi, 1988), p.227.
Abdolhassan Azhang, Tarikh-e jebheh-ye melli Iran, Doumahnameh-ye Bokhara, Shomareh-ye 44, Mehr va Aban-e 1384/ September–October–November 2005, pp.156–157.
Ali Rahnama, An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2000), p.25.
Hassan Yusefi Eshkevari, Nougerayi-ye dini (Tehran: Qasideh, 1999), p.341.
Mohammad Nakhshab, Majmueh-ye asar-e Mohammad Nakhshab (Tehran: Chapakhsh, 2002), p.247.
Homa Katouzian, Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society (London: Routledge, 2003), p.122.
Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: I.B. Tauris, 1989), p.96.
Mostafa Rahimi, Chera ba jomhuri-ye eslami mokhalefam, nameh beh Ayatollah Khomeini, 25.10.1357/15.01.1979.
Dedier Eribon, Michel Foucault (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), p.285.
Rahimi, Chera ba jomhuri-ye eslami mokhalefam, nameh beh Ayatollah Khomeini, 25.10.1357/15.01.1979.
Mostafa Rahimi, Osul-e hokumat-e jomhuri, Tehran Chapkhaneh-ye Sepehr 1358 /1979.
Abbas Amanat, Apocalytic Islam and Iranian Shi’sm (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009), p.179.
Mehran Kamrava, Iran’s Intelllectual Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.143.
David Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault (London: Vintage, 1993), p.410.
Bernard-Henri Lévy, La barbarie â visage humain (Paris: B. Grasset, 1977), pp.61–73.
Jacques Rancière, The Emancipated Spectator (London: Verso Books, 2009), p.48.
Copyright information
© 2015 Yadullah Shahibzadeh
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shahibzadeh, Y. (2015). A Conceptual History of Democracy in Iran. In: The Iranian Political Language. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137536839_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137536839_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-53977-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-53683-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Literature CollectionLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)