Abstract
Compared to many developed countries, New Zealand’s tax system is relatively simple, coherent and transparent. Why is this so? A number of reasons may underlie this, including New Zealand’s constitutional structure (operating with a unicameral Parliament, having a single House of Representatives, in which the New Zealand Government in conjunction with its coalition partners, holds a majority), coupled with a unitary State (which eliminates the issues that frequently arise in a Federal system). A further reason may be attributed to the relatively transparent and coherent public sector, to which the private sector has ready access, not only through making submissions, but also being able to discuss issues and share information (where permitted), which is facilitated by the small population and transparent and coherent tax policy process.
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See, for example, Jackson, B. and Milliron, V. (1986), ‘Tax Compliance Research: Findings, Problems and Prospects’, Journal of Accounting Literature, 5, 125–165
Richardson, M. and Sawyer, A.J. (2001), ‘A Taxonomy of the Tax Compliance Literature: Further Findings, Problems and Prospects’, Australian Tax Forum, 16(2), 137–320.
See further, Sawyer, A. (2013) ‘New Zealand’s Successful Experience with Introducing GST: Informative Guidance for Hong Kong?’, Hong Kong Law Journal, 43(1), 161–187.
Sir Ivor Richardson et al., (1994) Organisational Review of the Inland Revenue Department: Report to the Minister of Revenue. Wellington, NZ Crown)
For a tribute recognising many of the contributions of the Rt Hon Sir Ivor Richardson, see for example: Sawyer, A. (2015) ‘Sir Ivor Richardson: A Tribute’, New Zealand Journal of Taxation Law and Policy, 21(1), 7–10.
For a comprehensive analysis of content, processes and successes of the GTPP, see Sawyer, A. (2013) ‘Reviewing Tax Policy Development in New Zealand: Lessons from a Delicate Balancing of ‘Law and Politics’, Australian Tax Forum, 28(2), 401–425.
For an analysis of how it could assist another jurisdiction, in this case, Hong Kong, see: Sawyer, A. (2013) ‘Establishing a Rigorous Framework for Tax Policy Development: Can New Zealand offer Instructional Guidance for Hong Kong?’ Hong Kong Law Journal, 43(2), 579–609.
For further explanations of dividend imputation, see for example, Dabner, J. (2004) ‘Responding to Globalisation: Are Imputation Systems up to the Challenge?’, New Zealand Journal of Taxation Law and Policy, 10(3), 271
Palmer, C. (2008) ‘The International Tax Consequences of New Zealand’s Imputation System: Past, Present and Future’, New Zealand Journal of Taxation Law and Policy, 14(2), 231.
For further discussion on the work of the TWG, see: Sawyer, A. (2013) ‘Moving on from the Tax Legislation Rewrite Projects: A Comparison of New Zealand Tax Working Group/Generic Tax Policy Process and the United Kingdom Office of Tax Simplification’, British Tax Review, 3, 321–344.
Some of the discussion on compliance costs is drawn from the following work involving the author: Gupta, R. and Sawyer, A. (2015) ‘Tax Compliance Costs for Small Businesses in New Zealand: Some Recent Findings’, Australian Tax Forum, 30(1), 135–177.
Sandford, C. and Hasseldine, J. (1992) The Compliance Costs of Business Taxes in New Zealand. Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies.
A summary of this study is published as: Hasseldine, J. (1995) ‘Compliance Costs of Business Taxes in New Zealand’, in Sandford, C. (ed.), Tax Compliance Costs Measurement and Policy. Bath UK: Fiscal Publications, pp. 126–141.
Penny Salmon and Research NZ, National Research and Evaluation Unit of Inland Revenue, A qualitative investigation to identify steps Inland Revenue could take to reduce effort and compliance cost of SMEs (November 2014); available at: http://www.ird.govt.nz/resources/e/3/e346aae8-20fa-4ae9-99f3-58066b9d48e0/sme-tax-compliance-qualitative-report.pdf.
Tran-Nam, B. (1999) ‘Tax Reform and Tax Simplification: Some Conceptual Issues and a Preliminary Assessment’, Sydney Law Review, 21, 500.
For further discussion, see Sawyer, A. (2013) ‘Rewriting Tax Legislation: Can Polishing Silver Really turn it into Gold?’ Journal of Australian Taxation, 15(1), 1–39.
For an analysis of the RAP, see Sawyer, A. (2008) ‘RAP(ping) in Taxation: A Review of New Zealand’s Rewrite Advisory Panel and its Potential for Adaptation to Other Jurisdictions’, Australian Tax Review, 37(3), 148–163.
Consultative Committee on the Taxation of Income from Capital (Valabh Committee), Final Report (New Zealand Government, 1992).
See also Sawyer, A. (2011) ‘Enhancing Compliance Through Improved Readability: Evidence from New Zealand’s Rewrite “Experiment”’, in Gangi, M.E. and Plumley, A. (eds.), Recent Research on Tax Administration and Compliance: Selected Papers Given at the 2010 IRS Research Conference. Washington DC: IRS, pp. 221–253, at 247.
Sir Ivor Richardson, (2012) ‘Simplicity in Legislative Drafting and Rewriting Tax Legislation’, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 43, 517.
Tan, L.M. and Tower, G. (1992) ‘The Readability of Tax Laws: An Empirical Study in New Zealand’, Australian Tax Forum, 9, 355
Richardson, M.-A. and Sawyer, A. (1998) ‘Complexity in the Expression of New Zealand Tax Laws: An Empirical Analysis’, Australian Tax Forum, 14, 325
Harrison, J. (2006) Submission to Inland Revenue, The Readability of the Income Tax Act 2004: A Report to Inland Revenue for the Rewrite Advisory Panel, Auckland.
Pau, C., Sawyer, A. and Maples, A. (2007) ‘Complexity of the New Zealand’s Tax Laws: An Empirical Study’, Australian Tax Forum, 22, 59
Saw, K. and Sawyer, A. (2010) ‘Complexity of New Zealand’s Income Tax Legislation: The Final Instalment’ Australian Tax Forum, 25, 213.
For a summary of what makes a document readable, see: Castle, R. (2007) ‘What Makes a Document Readable?’, Clarity 58 (November), 12.
McClay, T. (June 2014) Speech to 21st century tax conference; available at: http://taxpolicy.ird.govt.nz/news/2014-06-12-speech-21st-century-tax-conference.
Tax Simplification Consultative Committee (the Waugh Committee), Final Report (1990).
For further information, see Foss, C. and T McClay, T. ‘Changes to Financial Reporting Requirements’ (March 2014) Media Release; available at: http://taxpolicy.ird.govt.nz/news/2014-03-13-changes-financial-reporting-require-ments. See also: Tax Administration (Financial Statements) Order 2014 LI 2014/69.
Inland Revenue, ‘Time to speak up — New Zealanders to have their say about the future of the tax system’ (2014) Media Release (August 140: available at: http://www.ird.govt.nz/aboutir/media-centre/media-releases/2014/media-release-2014-08-14.html.
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Sawyer, A. (2016). Complexity of Tax Simplification: A New Zealand Perspective. In: James, S., Sawyer, A., Budak, T. (eds) The Complexity of Tax Simplification. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478696_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478696_6
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