Abstract
On July 12, 1920, several hundred people gathered in the auditorium of Bedford College, London, to attend the opening of the International Federation of University Women’s inaugural conference. The four members of the IFUW board and 32 official delegates from 15 countries presented the new organization; also in attendance were numerous individual members of the associations in Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The guest list also included prominent representatives of British liberalism and conservative members of the British government, selected protagonists of the British women’s and suffragist movement, high-ranking university figures, renowned literary personalities, and official representatives of the new League of Nations—in short, the colorful spectrum of those British or transatlantic “internationalists” of the postwar period who had taken up a resolute position against Germany and the Central Powers during the war and who now placed their hopes in the achievement, through the League of Nations and similar institutions, of a peaceful global order based on mutual under-standing and carried forward by an educated cosmopolitan elite.1 Among the eminent guests were Gilbert Murray, regius professor of Greek at Oxford and England’s “foremost League intellectual,” who presided over the British League of Nations Union from 1922 to 1938; William Beveridge and Graham Wallas, both Fabians and professors at the London School of Economics; the writers John Galsworthy and H. G. Wells, cofounders of the International PEN club formed in 1921; the Australian medic and politician Sir John Cockburn, president of the Men’s International Alliance for Woman Suffrage; Lady Rhondda, survivor of the American luxury liner Lusitania that had been torpedoed by German submarines and editor of the feminist magazine Time and Tide;2 Lord Bryce, Regius professor of Law at Oxford, longtime British ambassador to the United States, enthusiastic proponent of the idea of the League of Nations, and author of the government’s much-cited Bryce Report on German war crimes in Belgium and France; his colleague, the eminent legal historian and philosopher of law Frederick Pollock from Oxford, who had also been a member of the Bryce Committee; and Viscount Grey of Fallodon, the first president of the League of Nations, who delivered the keynote address.3
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Notes
See IFUW, Report of the First Conference, London 1920 (London: The Federation, 1920), 10.
On the project of a transnational civil society, see Akira Iriye, Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002)
Helmut Anheier, Marlies Glasius, and Mary Kaldor, eds., Global Civil Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
Shirley M. Eoff, Viscountess Rhondda. Equalitarian Feminist (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991).
See, for example, Pat Thane and Gisela Bock, eds., Women and the Rise of the European Welfare State, 1880s–1950s (London: Routledge, 1991)
Sara Delamont, ed., A Women’s Place in Education: Historical and Sociological Perspectives in Gender and Education (Aldershot: Avebury, 1996)
Barbara Greven-Aschoff, Die bürg-erliche Frauenbewegung in Deutschland 1894–1933 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1981)
Claudia Opitz and Elke Kleinau, eds., Geschichte der M ä dchen- und Frauenbildung, vol. 2 (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 1996).
See Elizabeth Crawford, “The Universe of International Science, 1880–1939,” in Solomon’s House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1990); for the German context
see Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und nationale Kultur: Deutsche Physiker in der internationalen Community, 1900–1960 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000), especially Chapter 1.
Joyce Goodman, “International Citizenship and the International Federation of University Women before 1939,” History of Education 40, no. 6 (2011): 708.
On scientific internationalism before and after 1914, see Eckhardt Fuchs, “Wissenschaftsinternationalismus in Kriegs- und Krisenzeiten. Zur Rolle der USA bei der Reorganisation der internationalen ‘Scientific Community,’ 1914–1925,” in Wissenschaft und Nation in der europäischen Geschichte, ed. Ralph Jessen and Jakob Vogel (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2002), 265.
David N. Livingstone, Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 89.
Peter Wagner, “Introduction to Part I,” in Transnational Intellectual Networks: Forms of Academic Knowledge and the Search for Cultural Identities, ed. Christophe Charle, Jügen Schriewer, and Peter Wagner (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2004), 20.
Margarete Rothbarth, “Internationale geistige Zusammenarbeit,” in Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts und der Diplomatie, vol. 3 (Berlin: Vereinigung Wissenschaftlicher Verleger, 1928), 1–12.
IFUW, Report of the Fourth Conference, Amsterdam 1926 (London: The Federation, 1926), 55; IFUW, Report of the Eleventh Council Meeting, Vienna 1927, 21.
IFUW, Report of the Twelfth Council Meeting, Madrid 1928 (London: The Federation, 1928), 37.
IFUW, Report of the Fifteenth Council Meeting, Prague 1930 (London: The Federation, 1930), 40.
IFUW, Report of the Nineteenth Council Meeting, Budapest 1934 (London: The Federation, 1934), 32–3.
On the reception of Arató’s study, see, for example, Vernon Mallinson, “Some Sources for the History of Education in Belgium,” British Journal of Educational Studies 4, no. 1 (1955): 62–70, here 64.
Charles E. Little, “The Itsand Their Schools,” Peabody Journal of Education 10, no. 2 (1932): 77–86, here 81–2.
Marion Talbot and Lois Kimball Mathews Rosenberry, The History of the American Association of University Women, 1881–1931 (Boston, MA: Houghton & Mifflin, 1931), 260.
On this, see the excellent study by Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women’s Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s (New York: Knopf, 1984).
Richard Kluger, The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune (New York: Knopf, 1986), 171–206.
Marian Churchill White, A History of Barnard College (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954), 200.
Mariea Caudill Dennison, “The American Girls’ Club in Paris. The Propriety and Imprudence of Art Students, 1890–1914,” Woman’s Art Journal 26, no. 1 (2005): 32–7.
IFUW, Report of the Second Conference, Paris 1922 (London: The Federation, 1922), 25.
Marguerite Bowie-Menzler, Founders of Crosby Hall (London: Privately published, 1981).
Bertrand Russell and Alys Russell, German Social Democracy: Six Lectures; With an App. on Social Democracy and the Woman Question in Germany (London: Longmans, Green, 1896).
On Roper, see John Guy, A Daughter’s Love: Thomas More and his Dearest Meg (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009).
See Ewa Ryberg, “Hanna Rydh—Förmedlare av Förhistorien,” Fornvännen 85 (1990): 303–9
Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh, “Hanna Rydh. Eine Forscherin mit vielen Dimensionen,” in Eine Dame zwischen 500 Herren: Johanna Mestorf, Werk und Wirkung, ed. Julia K. Koch and Eva-Maria Mertens (Münster: Waxmann, 2002), 281–94.
IFUW, Report of the Fifth Council Meeting, London 1923 (London: The Federation, 1923), 60.
Cecilia Dentice di Accadia, Tommaso Campanella (Florence: Vallecchi, 1921).
Christine Touaillon, Der deutsche Frauenroman des 18: Jahrhunderts (Vienna: Braumüller, 1919).
For Touaillon’s biography, see especially Hanna Bubenicek, “Wissenschaftlerin auf Umwegen. Christine Touaillon, geb. Auspitz (1878–1928), Versuch einer Annäherung,” in Über Frauenleben, Männerwelt und Wissenschaft: Österreichische Texte zur Frauenforschung, ed. Beate Frakele (Vienna: Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, 1987), 5–17.
See Stuart Wallace, War and the Image of Germany: British Academics, 1914–1918 (Edinburgh: Donald, 1988), 198.
See Susan Levine, Degrees of Equality: The American Association of University Women and the Challenge of Twentieth-Century Feminism (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1995), 19.
See Annette Lykknes, Lise Kvittengen, and Anne Kristine Børresen, “Ellen Gleditsch: Duty and Responsibility in a Research and Teaching Career, 1916–1946,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 36, no. 1 (2005): 131–88.
See Barbara Miller Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985), 142.
Kathleen McCarthy, American Creed: Philanthropy and the Rise of Civil Society 1700–1865 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 3.
IFUW, A List of International Fellowships for Research (London: The Federation, 1934), 10–12.
On genetics, see Helga Satzinger, “Women’s Places in the New Laboratories of Genetic Research in Early 20th Century: Gender, Work, and the Dynamics of Science,” in Women Scholars and Institutions: Proceedings of the International Conference (Prague, June 8–11, 2003), ed. Soňa Štrbánová, Ida H. Stamhuis, and Katarina Mojsejová (Prague: Archiv Akad. Vëd České Republiky v Nakl. Arenga, 2004), 265–94
Ida Stamhuis and Arne Monsen, “Kristine Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann in Early Genetics: Emerging Chances for a University Career for Women,” Journal of the History of Biology 40, no. 3 (2007): 427–66.
On nuclear physics, see Maria Rentetzi, Trafficking Materials and Gendered Experimental Practices (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
See G. Falk, “The Reaction of Americans to the Persecution of the European Scholars during the Nazi Era,” International Review of History and Political Science 9 (1972): 78–98
Helke Rausch, “US-Amerikanische ‘Scientific Philanthropy’ in Frankreich, Deutschland und Großbritannien zwischen den Weltkriegen,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 33 (2007): 73–98, here 89.
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von Oertzen, C. (2012). Female Networks for Science: Programs and Politics. In: Science, Gender, and Internationalism. Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137438904_3
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