Abstract
‘Bringing in the bystander’ has recently emerged as a promising approach to stop sexual violence against women. In particular, the role of men in challenging the violent and abusive behaviours of their peers and consequently challenging cultures of ‘male peer support’ for rape (see DeKeseredy & Kelly 1995; Schwartz & DeKeseredy, 1997) has been increasingly recognised internationally as a key area in the development of sexual violence prevention. This movement has to date largely been focused on US-based research with university student samples, such as that by Banyard and colleagues (2005) and others, including Katz (1994; Katz et al., 2011). It has mostly focused on educating individuals in providing support to a victim, challenging the behaviour of a perpetrator or calling the police. In other words, ‘bringing in the bystander’ is about encouraging individuals to not be passive witnesses and, by their silence, effectively condone and contribute to a culture of sexual violence against women.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amar, A. R, Sutherland, M. and Kesler, E. (2012) ‘Evaluation of a Bystander Education Program’, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(12), 851–857.
Asch, S. E. (1956) ‘Studies of Independence and Conformity: I. A Minority of One Against a Unanimous Majority’, Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1–70.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (1996) Women’s Safety Survey (Canbena, ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service).
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2006) Personal Safety Survey (Canbena, ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service).
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2012) Personal Safety Survey (Canbena, ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service).
Bandura, A. (1973) Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NT: Prentice-Hall).
Banyard, V. L. (2011) ‘Who Will Help Prevent Sexual Violence: Creating an Ecological Model of Bystander Intervention’, Psychology of Violence, 1(3), 216–229.
Banyard, V. L. and Moynihan, M. M. (2011) ‘Variation in Bystander Behavior Related to Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence Prevention’, Psychology of Violence, 1(4), 287–301.
Banyard, V L., Plante, E. G. and Moynihan, M. M. (2004) ‘Bystander Education: Bringing a Broader Community Perspective to Sexual Violence Prevention’, Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1), 61–79.
Banyard, V L., Plante, E. G. and Moynihan, M. M. (2005) ‘Rape Prevention Through Bystander Education: Bringing a Broader Community Perspective to Sexual Violence Prevention’, Report to the US Department of Justice.
Berkowitz, A. D. (2004) ‘Working with Men to Prevent Violence Against Women: An Overview (Part One)’, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, 1–7.
Brecklin, L. R. and Forde, D. R. (2001) ‘A Meta-analysis of Rape Education Programs’, Violence and Victims, 16(3), 303–321.
Broido, E. M. (2000) “The Development of Social Justice Allies During College: A Phe-nomenological Investigation’, Journal of College Student Development, 41(1), 3–18.
Brown, A. L. and Messman-Moore, T. L. (2010) ‘Personal and Perceived Peer Attitudes Supporting Sexual Aggression as Predictors of Male College Students’ Willingness to Intervene Against Sexual Aggression’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(3), 503–517.
Carlson, M. (2008) ‘I’d Rather Go Along and Be Considered a Man: Masculinity and Bystander Intervention’, The Journal of Men’s Studies, 16(1), 3–17.
Casey, E. A. and Ohler, K. (2012) ‘Being a Positive Bystander Male Antiviolence Allies’ Experiences of “Stepping Up” ‘, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(1), 62–83.
Casey, E. and Smith, T. (2010) ‘“How Can I Not?”: Men’s Pathways to Involvement in Anti-violence Against Women Work’, Violence Against Women, 16(8), 953–973.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004) Sexual Violence Prevention: Beginning the Dialogue (Atlanta: Center for Disease Control and Prevention).
Clarke, D. (2003) Prosocial and Antisocial behavior (London: Routledge).
Commonwealth of Australia (2012) The National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children 2010–2022 (the National Plan) (Canbena, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia).
Darley, J. M. and Latané, B. (1968) ‘Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 377–383.
Darley, J. M. and Latané, B. (1970) ‘When Will People Help in a Crisis?’, Psychology Today, 54–57, 70–71.
DeKeseredy, W. S. and Kelly, K. (1995) ‘Sexual Abuse in Canadian University and College Dating Relationships: The Contribution of Male Peer Support’, Journal of Family Violence, 10(1), 41–53.
Dovidio, J. F. and Pilavin, J. A. (2006) The Social Psychology of Prosocial behavior (E-book: Lawrence, Erlbaum).
Dyson, S. and Flood, M. (2008) Building Cultures of Respect and Non-violence (Victoria: Australian Football League and VicHealth).
Fabiano, P. M., Perkins, H. W., Berkowitz, A., Linkenbach, J. and Stark, C. (2003) ‘Engaging Men as Social Justice Allies in Ending Violence Against Women: Evidence for a Social Norms Approach,’ Journal of American College Health, 52(3), 105–112.
Flood, M. (2011) ‘Involving Men in Efforts to End Violence Against Women’, Men and Masculinities, 14(3), 358–377.
Heise, L. L. (1998) ‘Violence Against Women: An Integrated, Ecological Framework’, Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262–290.
Katz, J. (1994) Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) Trainer’s Guide (Boston: Northeastern University’s Center for the Study of Sport in Society).
Katz, J., Heisterkamp, H. A. and Heming, W. M. (2011) ‘The Social Justice Roots of the Mentors in Violence Prevention Model and Its Application in a High School Setting’, Viol en ce A g ai n s t Worn en, 17, 684–702.
Levy, I. and Ben-David, S. (2008) ‘Blaming Victims and Bystanders in the Context of Rape’ in N. Ronel, K. Jaishankar and M. Bensimon (eds.) Trends and Issues in Victimology (Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing).
McCarry, M. (2007) ‘Masculinity Studies and Male Violence: Critique or Collusion?’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 30(5), 404–415.
McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A. and Glanz, K. (1988) ‘An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs’, Health Education Sc behavior, 15(4), 351–377.
Milgram, S. (1974) Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York: Harper & Row).
Morrison, S., Hardison, J., Mathew, A. and O’Neil, J. (2004) An Evidence-Based Review of Sexual Assault Preventive Intervention Programs, NCJ# 207262 (Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice).
Mouzos, J. and Makkai, T. (2004) Women’s Experiences of Male Violence: Findings from the Australian Component of the International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS) (Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology).
Office of Women’s Policy (2009) A Right to Respect: Victoria’s Plan to Prevent Violence Against Women 2010–2020 (Melbourne, VIC: State Government of Victoria).
Pease, B. (1995) ‘Men Against Sexual Assault’ in W. Weeks and J. Wilson (eds.) Issues Facing Australian Families (2nd edn) (Melbourne, VIC: Longman).
Pease, B. (2008) Engaging Men in Men’s Violence Prevention: Exploring the Tensions, Dilemmas and Possibilities, Issues Paper No. 17 (Sydney: Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse).
Pennay, D. W. and Powell, A. (2012) The Role of Bystander Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours in Preventing Violence Against Women: A Full Technical Report (Melbourne, VIC: The Social Research Centre).
Potter, S. J. (2012) ‘Using a Multimedia Social Marketing Campaign to Increase Active Bystanders on the College Campus’, Journal of American College Health, 60(4), 282–295.
Powell, A. (2011) Review of Bystander Approaches in Support of Preventing Violence Against Women (Melbourne, VIC: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation).
Rosenthal, A. M. (1964) Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case (Berkley: University of California Press).
Schewe, P. A. and O’Donohue, W. (1993) ‘Sexual Abuse Prevention with High-Risk Males: The Roles of Victim Empathy and Rape Myths’, Violence and Victims, 8(4), 339–351.
Schultz, S. K., Scherman, A. and Marshall, L. J. (2000) ‘Evaluation of a Uni versify-Based Date Rape Prevention Program: Effect on Attitudes and Behavior Related to Rape’, journal of College S tuâent Devélopmen t, 41, 193–201.
Schwartz, M. D. and DeKeseredy, W. (1997) Sexual Assault on the College Campus: The Role of Male Peer Support (Thousand Oaks: Sage).
Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U. and Schwarzer, R. (2005) ‘Bridging the Intention-Behaviour Gap: Planning, Self-efficacy, and Action Control in the Adoption and Maintenance of Physical Exercise’, Psychology & Health, 20(2), 143–160.
Stokols, D. (1996) ‘Translating Social Ecological Theory into Guidelines for Community Health Promotion’, American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4), 282–298.
Suedfeld, P. (2000) ‘Reverberations of the Holocaust Fifty Years Later: Psychology’s Contributions to Understanding Persecution and Genocide’, Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 41(1), 1.
Ullman, S. E. (1997) ‘Review and Critique of Empirical Studies of Rape Avoidance’, Criminal Justice and behavior, 24(2), 177–204.
Ullman, S. E. (2007) ‘A 10-Year Update of “Review and Critique of Empirical Studies of Rape Avoidance” ‘, Criminal Justice and behavior, 34(3), 411–429.
VicHealth (2007) Preventing Violence Before it Occurs: A Framework and Background Paper to Guide the Primary Prevention of Violence Against Women in Victoria (Melbourne, VIC: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation).
VicHealth (2012) More than Ready: Bystander Action to Prevent Violence Against Women (Melbourne, VIC: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation).
VicHealth (2013) VicHealth Action Agenda for Health Promotion (Melbourne, VIC: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2002) World Report on Violence and Health (Geneva: World Health Organization).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) Preventing Violence: A Guide to Implementing the Recommendations of the World Report on Violence and Health (Geneva: World Health Organization).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) Preventing Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Against Women: Taking Action and Generating Evidence (Geneva: World Health Organization).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Anastasia Powell
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Powell, A. (2014). Shifting Upstream. In: Henry, N., Powell, A. (eds) Preventing Sexual Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137356192_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137356192_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-35618-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-35619-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)