Abstract
This chapter discusses religious stereotyping in Northern Nigeria. Religion has played a significant role in the lives of the people of Northern Nigeria since the fifteenth century when Islam made remarkably successful inroads into the region.1 Centuries later, Christian missionaries evangelized equally successfully in Northern Nigeria, particularly among the indigenous followers of the traditional African religion.2
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Abdul Razaq O. Kilani, “Issues and Trends on Religious Tolerance in Nigeria: The Contemporary Scene,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 16 (1996), 275.
Kathleen McGarvey, Muslim and Christian Women in Dialogue: The Case Study of Northern Nigeria (Lagos, Nigeria: Deutsche Bibliothek, 2009), 105–107.
Cf. Eliza Griswold, The Tenth Parallel: Dispatches from the Fault Line between Christianity and Islam (London: Allen Lane, 2010), 18.
Cf. Matthew Hassan Kukah, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria (Kaduna: Spectrum, 1993), 1–9.
Rupert Brown, Prejudice: Its Social Psychology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 82.
Maigamu P. Gaiya, Religion and Justice: The Nigerian Predicament (Kaduna: Espeep, 2004), 52.
Ali Abdullahi Arazeem and Luqman Saka, “Ethno-Religious and Political Conflict: Threat to Nigeria Nascent Democracy,” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 9 (2007), 21.
Johann Haafkens, “The Direction of Christian-Muslim Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Christian-Muslim Encounters (ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Wadi Zaidan Haddad; Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995), 310.
See Hans Küng, Islam Past, Present & Future (Oxford: OneWorld, 2007), 28.
Joseph Kenny, “The Spread of Islam in Nigeria: A Historical Survey” (Paper given at a conference on shari‘ah in Nigeria, 2001, available at www.josephkenny.joyeurs.com/Sist .htm).
Toyin Falola and Biodun Adediran, Islam and Christianity in West Africa (Ile-Ife: University of Ife Press, 1983), 32–34.
Adrian Hasting, The Church in Africa 1450–1950 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 71.
Lamin O. Sanneh, West African Christianity: The Religious Impact (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1994), 20.
Charles Anwame Imokhai, “Evolution of the Catholic Church in Nigeria,” The History of the Catholic Church in Nigeria (ed. Alexius Obabu Makozi and G. J. Afolabi Ojo; Lagos, Nigeria: Macmillan Nigerian Publishers, 1982), 1–4.
Vincent A. Nwosu, “The Growth of the Catholic Church in Onitsha Ecclesiastical Province,” The History of the Catholic Church in Nigeria (ed. Alexius Obabu Makozi and G. J. Afolabi Ojo; Lagos, Nigeria: Macmillan Nigerian Publishers, 1982), 5–44.
Edward O’Connor, From the Niger to the Sahara: The Story of the Archdiocese of Kaduna (Ibadan: SMA Fathers, 2009), 9–25.
Cf. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (London: Bogle-L’Ouventure, 1973), 74.
Ibid.; and International Crisis Group, Northern Nigeria: Background to Conflict, Africa Report, #168 (December 2010), 4f.
Alwi Shihab, “Christian-Muslim Relations into the Twenty-First Century,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 15:1 (2004), 67.
Rafiu Oriyomi, “Nigerian Muslims in Focus: United We Stand, Divided We Fall” (available at groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.pakistan/browse_thread/thread/f707d3 cd3d702cee/5bc355f968642bc1?show_docid=5bc3554968642bc1 &h1=ar), and Joseph Kenny, “Christian and Muslim in Nigeria: A Case of Competitive Sharing,” Nigeria Dialogue 8 (1982), 5–8.
Raymond Hickey, The Growth of the Catholic Church in Northern Nigeria 1907–2007 (Jos: Augustinian Publications, 2006), 13–18 and 37.
See Aisha Lemu, “Religious Education in Nigeria: A Case Study,” Teaching for Tolerance and Freedom of Religion or Belief (Oslo: Oslo Coalition on Freedom of Religion or Belief, 2002).
Julian Joseph Rukyaa, “Muslim-Christian Relations in Tanzania with Particular Focus on the Relationship between Religious Instruction and Prejudice,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 18:2 (2007), 189–191.
Agwu Kalu, “Nigeria,” Islam in Africa: Perspectives for Christian-Muslim Relations (ed. Henry Steward Wilson; Geneva: World Alliance of Churches, 1995), 79–83.
R. Ibrahim Adebayo, “Ethno-Religious Crises and the Challenges of Sustainable Development in Nigeria,” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 2 (2010), 216.
R. Scott Appleby, The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence and Reconciliation (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 3–14.
Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice: 25th Anniversary Edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 1979), 444–446.
McGarvey, Muslim and Christian Women in Dialogue, 137f; Nereus I. Nwosu, “Religion and the Crisis of National Unity in Nigeria,” African Study Monographs 17 (1996), 145.
Nathaniel I. Ndiokwere, The African Church Today and Tomorrow. Vol. 1 (Onitsha: Effective Key Publishers, 1994), 73–80.
John L. McKenzie, Dictionary of the Bible (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1968), 651f.
See Esther Mombo, “Reflections on Peace in the Decade to Overcome Violence,” The Ecumenical Review 1:2 (2011), 73.
Cardinal Francis Arinze, “Christian-Muslim Relations in the 21st Century” (June 5, 1997), a talk given at the Centre for Christian-Muslim Understanding at Georgetown University, Washington. (www.sedos.org/english/arinze.htm).
Cardinal Francis Arinze, Religions for Peace: A Call for Solidarity to the Religions of the World (New York et alii loci: Doubleday, 2002), 55.
Alan Channer (producer and director), The Imam & the Pastor: A Documentary Film from the Heart of Nigeria. FLTfilms, 2006 (DVD).
David R. Smock, “Mediating between Christians and Muslims in Plateau State, Nigeria,” Religious Contributions to Peacemaking (ed. David R. Smock; Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 2006), 17–20.
Edmund E. Ezegbobelu, Challenges of Interreligious Dialogue between the Christian and the Muslim Communities in Nigeria (Frankfurt am Main et alii loci: Peter Lang, 2009), 153f. NIREC was set up with the help and support of the federal government of Nigeria to address issues of religious conflicts and to encourage religious harmony especially in Northern Nigeria.
Michael L. Fitzgerald and John Borelli, Interfaith Dialogue: A Catholic View (Maryknoll: Orbis, 2006), 74.
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© 2013 Jesper Svartvik and Jakob Wirén
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Umaru, T.B. (2013). The Challenge for Tolerance and Peaceful Coexistence between Christians and Muslims in Northern Nigeria. In: Svartvik, J., Wirén, J. (eds) Religious Stereotyping and Interreligious Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137342676_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137342676_11
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