Skip to main content
  • 516 Accesses

Abstract

In the early 1600s, when William Shakespeare was penning elegant plays in the language of London and scholars were preparing the King James translation of the Bible, few could have foreseen that English would one day become the dominant language of the vast continent across the North Atlantic. Spanish would have seemed more likely to establish its mastery in North America, since Spain had dominated the population centers of Mexico and the Andes for a century and was expanding its influence northward. 1 By the late 1700s, however, some visionaries were predicting that English would become the dominant language in the Americas. By 1900, the dominance of English north of the Rio Grande was a reality, as the territories from the Atlantic to the Pacific had absorbed a rapidly multiplying population of English speakers from the British Isles and had assimilated an even larger influx of other Europeans, Africans, and Asians.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. J. H. Elliott, “The Iberian Atlantic and Virginia,” in The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624, ed. Peter C. Mancall (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 541–57.

    Google Scholar 

  2. James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 179–217;

    Google Scholar 

  3. Clyde A. Milner, “National Initiatives,” in The Oxford History of the American West, ed. Clyde A. Milner, II, Carol A. O’Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 173.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in theEighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 59, 61, 63, 559–80, quotation 573.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 126, 128–29, 138–40.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tom Paine, Common Sense (New York: New American Library, 1969), 39.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Benjamin Franklin to Peter Collinson, MP, May 9, 1753, in James Crawford, ed. Language Loyalties: A Source Book on the Official English Controversy (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 18–19;

    Google Scholar 

  8. Benjamin Rush, “An Account of the Manners of the German Inhabitants of Pennsylvania,” Proceedings and Addresses of the Pennsylvania- German Society 19 (1789): 104–5;

    Google Scholar 

  9. Edith Abbott, ed., Historical Aspects of the Immigration Problem (New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1969), 423.

    Google Scholar 

  10. John Adams to President of Congress, Amsterdam, September 5, 1780, in Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1889), vol. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889), 1:17.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Marc Shell, “Babel in America; or, The Politics of Language Diversity on the United States,” Critical Inquiry 20.1 (Autumn 1993): 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Noah Webster, Dissertations on the English Language: With Notes, Historical and Critical (Boston, MA: Isaiah Thomas, 1789), 18–23; excerpted in Crawford, Language Loyalties, 34–35.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969), 4: 195–96.

    Google Scholar 

  15. James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans Picked Up by a Tavelling Bachelor (Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Blanchard, 1848), 2: 125–26 I;

    Google Scholar 

  16. Robert McCrum, Globish: How the English Language Became the World’s Language (London: Viking Penguin, 2010), 261.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Isaac Candler, A Summary View of America…by an Englishman (London: T. Cadell 1824), 327;

    Google Scholar 

  18. cited by Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language, 5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002), 357.

    Google Scholar 

  19. David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989);

    Google Scholar 

  20. Joey Lee Dillard, Toward a Social History of American English (Berlin: Mouton, 1985), 4;

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Joey Lee Dillard, A History of American English (New York: Longman, 1992), 34, 45; Baugh and Cable, History of the English Language 359. For the larger debate about continuity and change in American immigrant history, see David Eltis, Philip Morgan, and David Richardson, “Agency and Diaspora in Atlantic History: Reassessing the African Contribution to Rice Cultivation in the Americas,” American Historical Review 112.5 (2007): 1329–58.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992), 154.

    Google Scholar 

  23. John Swett, American Public Schools: History and Pedagogics (New York: American Book Company, 1900), 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Arthur Schlesinger, Sr., “The Rise of the City,” in Mark C. Carnes and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. eds. A History of American Life. Revised and Abridged (New York: Scribner, 1996), 928–29.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Diane Ravitsh, The Great Schools War: A History of the New York City Public Schools (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 111–14

    Google Scholar 

  26. In Alejandro Portes and Ruben G. Rumbaut, Immigrant America: A Portrait, 2nd ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996), 196.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Nancy C. Carnevale, A New Language, a New World: Italian Immigrants in the United States, 1890–1945 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 46–48.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Andrew R. Heinze, “The Critical Period: Ethnic Emergence and Reaction, 1901–1929,” in The Columbia Documentary History of Race and Ethnicity in America, ed. Ronald H. Bayor (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 425.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 2:609–10.

    Google Scholar 

  30. James Crawford, “Seven Hypotheses on Language Loss: Causes and Issues,” in Stabilizing Indigenous Languages, ed. G. Cantoni (Flagstaff, AZ: Arizona State University, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Salikoko S. Mufwene, “Globalization and the Myth of Killer Languages: What’s Really Going on?” in Perspectives on Endangerment, ed. by Graham Huggan and Stephan Klasen, (Hildesheim/New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2005), 19–48;

    Google Scholar 

  32. Nicholas Ostler, Empires of the World: A Language History of the World (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 489–90.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 2013 David Northrup

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Northrup, D. (2013). The Language of North America. In: How English Became the Global Language. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137303073_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137303073_3

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-30306-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-30307-3

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics