Skip to main content

Hip Hop, Education and Polycentricity

  • Chapter
Linguistic Ethnography

Abstract

Hip hop has been one of the most influential global forms of popular culture among youth during the past two decades (Bucholtz 2011), and it has received increasing attention in sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology and educational studies. The studies of critical hip hop (language) pedagogies, in particular, has focused on hip hop as a means of drawing out-of-school experiences of language closer to classroom pedagogy and curriculum (Hill 2009; Alim, Ibrahim and Pennycook 2009; Alim 2011). These frameworks often emphasise creative, limitless and counter-hegemonic linguistic practices as a significant part of the pedagogical and political potentials of hip hop culture. In this chapter we focus on the way hip hop practices are appropriated by a group of adolescents in positioning themselves as educationally ambitious. We investigate what local meanings these practices achieve and their relations to wider semiotic models and norms to discuss the interplay between education, activities, and popular cultural resources. Against the background of previous hip hop research, the case study we report from involved some surprising discoveries. The boys we studied formed a rap-group and engaged in various local hip hop events and initiatives led by different mentors. They were certainly creative in enacting streetwise and school-positive personae, but their hip hop literacy and linguistic practices fell short of challenging hegemonic educational norms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • A. Agha (2003) ‘The social life of cultural value’, Language & Communication 23, 231–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Agha (2007) Language and Social Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Agha and S. Wortham (eds) (2005) ‘Discourse across speech-events: intertextuality and interdiscursivity in social life’, Special issue of Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15/1.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. S. Alim (2011) ‘Global ill-literacies: hip hop cultures, youth identities and the politics of literacy’, Review of Research in Education 35, 120–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. S. Alim, A. Ibrahim and A. Pennycook (2009) Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Youth Identities and the Politics of Language (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • S.C. Andersen (2010) Mehmet og Modkulturen: En undersøgelse af drenge med etnisk minoritetsbaggrund (Copenhagen: Rambøll Management Consulting).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Appadurai (2004) ‘The capacity to aspire: culture and the terms of recognition’ in V. Rao and M. Walton (eds) Culture and Public Action (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 59–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Blommaert (2010) The Sociolinguistics of Globalization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • J. Blommaert, J. Collins and S. Slembrouck (2005) ‘Polycentricity and interactional regimes in “global neighborhoods”’, Ethnography 6(2), 205–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Bourdieu and J.-C. Passeron (1977) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (London: Sage Publications).

    Google Scholar 

  • H. E. Bruce and B. D. Davis (2000) ‘Slam: Hip-hop meets poetry — A strategy for violence intervention’, The English Journal 89(5), 119–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bucholtz (2011) White Kids: Language, Race and Styles of Youth Identities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Cowan (2005) ‘Putting it out there: revealing Latino visual discourse in the Hispanic academic program’ in B. Street (ed.) Literacies across Educational Contexts: Mediating Learning and Teaching (Philadelphia: Caslon Publishing), pp. 145–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Creese and A. Blackledge (2011) ‘Separate and flexible bilingualism in complementary schools: Multiple language practices in interrelationship’, Journal of Pragmatics 43, 1196–1208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Dimitriadis (2001) Performing Identity/Performing Culture: Hip-hop as Text, Pedagogy, and Lived Practice (New York: Peter Lang).

    Google Scholar 

  • A.H. Dyson (1997) Writing Superheroes: Contemporary Childhood, Popular Culture, and Classroom Literacy (N.Y. and London: Teachers’ College Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Egelund, C.P. Nielsen and B.S. Rangvid 2011 PISA Etnisk (2009). Etniske og danske unges resultater i PISA 2009. http://www.akf.dk/udgivelser/container/2011/ udgivelse_1041/; accessed 06–07–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Fast (2007) Sju barn lär sig läse och skriva: Familjeliv och populärkultur i möte med förskola och skola (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppasala Studies in Education 115. Uppsala: Uppsala Universität).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fedorak (2009) Pop Culture: The Culture of Everyday Life (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Gumperz (1982) Discourse Strategies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • K. Gutierrez, B. Rymes and J. Larson (1995) ‘Script, counterscript, and underlife in the classroom — James Brown versus Brown v. Board of Education’, Harvard Educational Review 65(3), 445–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Hall (1985) ‘Popular culture as a factor of international understanding: the case of reggae’; public lecture; accessed at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000650/065008eb.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Harklau and J. Zuengler (2004) ‘Introduction to proposed special issue: Popular culture and classroom language learning’, Linguistics and Education 14, 227–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Hebdige (2006) ‘Reggae, Rastas and Rudies’ in S. Hall and T. Jefferson (eds) Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain (London: Routledge), pp. 113–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. L. Hill (2009) Beats, Rhymes and Classroom Life: Hip Hop Pedagogy and the Politics of Identity (New York: Teachers College Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Ibrahim (1999) ‘Becoming Black: Rap and hip-hop, race gender, identity and the politics of ESL learning’, TESOL Quarterly 15(3), 349–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Jaspers (2005) ‘Linguistic sabotage in a context of monolingualism and standardization’, Language and Communication 25, 279–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. S. Karrebæk (2012) ‘Authority relations: the mono-cultural educational agenda and classrooms characterized by diversity’, Naldic Quarterly 10(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Kulick and B.B. Schieffelin (2004) ‘Language socialization’ in A. Duranti (ed.) A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology (Oxford: Blackwell), 349–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Lefstein and J. Snell (2011) ‘Promises and problems of teaching with popular culture: a linguistic ethnographic analysis of discourse genre mixing in a literacy classroom’, Reading Research Quarterly 46(1), 40–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. M. Madsen (2011) ‘Interactional renegotiations of educational discourses in recreational learning contexts’, Linguistics and Education 22(1), 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. M. Madsen (2012) ‘Discourses on integration and interaction in a martial arts club’. In M. Theeboom, B. Vanreusel, C. Timmerman and B. Segaert (eds) Sports, Stakeholder in Society? Sports Community Building and Corporate Social Responsibility (Oxford: Routledge), pp. 74–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • L. M. Madsen (2013) ‘“High” and “low” in urban Danish speech styles’, Language in Society 42, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • L. M. Madsen, M.S. Karrebæk and J.S. Møller (2013.) ‘The Amager Project’. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • C. McCarthy, M. D. Giardina, S. J. Harewood, J. K. Parket (2003) ‘Afterword: Contesting Culture: Identity and curriculum dilemmas in the age of globalization, postcolonialism and multiplicity’, Harvard Educational Review 73 (3), 449–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. S. Møller and J. N. Jørgensen (2011) ‘Enregisterment among adolescents in superdiverse Copenhagen’ in J. S. Møller and J. N. Jørgensen (eds) Language, Enregisterment and Attitudes (Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen), pp. 99–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Ochs (1992) ‘Indexing gender’ in A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 335–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2006) Where Immigrant Students Succeed — A Comparative Review of Performance and Engagement in PISA 2003 (Paris: OECD Programme for International Student Assessment).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Pennycook (2005) ‘Teaching with the flow: fixity and fluidity in education’, Asia Pacifi c Journal of Education 25(1), 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pennycook (2007) Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows (Abingdon: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Rampton (1995) Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents (London: Longman).

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Rampton (2006) Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • B. Rymes (2004) ‘Contrasting zones of comfortable competence: popular culture in a phonics lesson’, Linguistics and Education 14, 321–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B.B. Schieffelin and E. Ochs, (eds) (1986) Language Socialization across Cultures (New York: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Silverstein (1998) ‘Contemporary transformations of local linguistic communities’, Annual Review of Anthropology 27, 401–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Silverstein (2003) ‘Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life’, Language & Communication 23, 193–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Stæhr (2010) Rappen reddede os. Et studie af senmoderne storbydrenges identitetsarbejde i fritids- og skolemiljøer (Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Stæhr and L. M. Madsen (2015) ‘Standard language in urban rap — Social media, linguistic practice and ethnographic context’, Language and Communication 40, 67–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Vigh (2008) ‘Crisis and chronicity: anthropological perspectives on continuous conflict and decline’, Ethnos 73(1), 5–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Lian Malai Madsen and Martha Sif Karrebæk

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Madsen, L.M., Karrebæk, M.S. (2015). Hip Hop, Education and Polycentricity. In: Snell, J., Shaw, S., Copland, F. (eds) Linguistic Ethnography. Palgrave Advances in Language and Linguistics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137035035_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics