Abstract
We had the century of Perikles, we had the century of the Crusades, the century of the Great Discoveries, the century of the Sun King. Believe me, the nineteenth century will be for perpetuity and for mankind the century of the railways.1
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Henri Vincenot, La Vie quotidienne dans les chemins de fer au XIXe siecle (Paris: Hachette, 1975), 7, quoting his grandfather, a railway man.
“For them, the railways meant technology. Today, we are fascinated by computers.” Anonymous visitor to a companion, in front of Monet’s 1877 Gare Saint-Lazare at the Musée d’Orsay, Paris, 14 June 2001.
Victor Hugo, “Anvers a Bruxelles,” letter to Adele, 22 August 1837, in Oeuvres completes: Voyages, ed. Jacques Seebacher (Paris: Laffont, 1985), 13:611.
H. J. Dyos, “Railways and Housing in Victorian London: I, Attila in London; II, Rustic Townsinen,” Journal of Transport History 2 (1955): 11–21, 90–100.
John Reginald Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969).
Caron, Histoire des chemins, 100–101; Simon P. Ville, Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750–1918 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 118.
The Times, 1835; quoted in Great Western Railway Company of England, Great Western Progress, 1835–1935 (reprint of the Great Western Railway Centenary Number of The Times, 1935), 46.
James Watson, A Paper on the Present Railway Crisis (Glasgow: William Lang, 1846). The employment potential of railway building was frequently invoked to marshal support for line projects.
Richard Zachariah Mudge, Observations on Railways, with Reference to Utility, Profit and the Obvious Necessity for a National System (London: James Gardner, 1837), 10.
Public Records Office, RAIL-384–27, 1830–31, Survey Committee Book, 21 October 1830–29 August 1831, and app. #10. Extract of letter from M. George Stephenson & Son, 23 September 1831, responding to instructions in the minutes of July 29.
Caron, Histoire des chemins, 100–101. Tunnels provoked enough concern to cause the establishment of a Committee of the House of Commons on the London and Brighton Railways on the subject of Tunnels during the 1837 session.
Jack Simmons, The Victorian Railway (London: Thames and Hudson, 1991), 14–15, 155.
Records Office of the Corporation of London, Common Council Minutes, 3 March 1836; cited in Simmons, “Railway History,” 163–64.
John Reginald Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), 16.
David Turnock, A Historical Geography of Railways in GreatBritain and Ireland (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1998), 190.
Victor Hugo, “Le Rhin,” letter 8, in Oeuvres completes: Voyages, ed. Jacques Seebacher (Paris: Laffont, 1985), 13:57.
Gary Richard Hawke, Railways and Economic Growth in England and Wales, 1840–1970 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970); R. W. Ambler, The History and Practice of Britain’s Railways (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), 9–10.
Beginning in 1855, the French Journal des Chemins de Fer covered in its weekly columns the incorporation and progress of the Sociétés Immobilieres in Paris, such as the Societe de l’Hôtel et des Immeubles (de Rivoli). This indicates that calls for railway and real-estate investments were targeted at the same audience.
A. Saussay, Les Gares des grandes lignes de chemin de fer par rapport aux grandes villes qu’elles desservent (Paris: Maulde et Renou, 1845), 3–5.
René Clozier, La Gare du Nord (Paris: J.-B. Bailliere, 1940), 241; David Owen, Donald Olsen, and Roy MacLeod, eds., The Government of Victorian London, 1855–1889: The Metropolitan Board of Works, the Vestries and the City Corporation (London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982), 102.
Kellett, Impact of Railways, 2, 320–21; Anthony Sutcliffe, The Autumn of Central Paris: The Defeat of Town Planning, 1850–1970 (London: Edward Arnold, 1970), 147; Mitchell, Great Train Race, 30, 57; Robert Herbert, Impressionism, Art, Leisure and Parisian Society (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), 261; Mudge, Observations on Railways, 15; Leon Say, “Les Chemins de fer,” in Parisguide par les principaux écrivains et artistes de la France, ed. Charles Yriarte, pt. 2, La Vie, vol. 2 (Paris: Librairie Internationale, 1867), 1663; Max Maria von Weber and Richard Hoch, Schule des Eisenbahnwesens, 4th ed. (Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1885), 29; Ministerium der Offentlichen Arbeiten and A. F. Leyen, Berlin und seine Eisenbahnen, 1846–1896 (Berlin: Julius Springer, 1896), 2:317, 336, 338, 341.
“Transport de céréales,” Journal des Chemins de Fer, 6 October 1855, 835; Johannes Willms, Paris, Capital of Europe: From the Revolution to the Belle Epoque (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1997), 287; Alfred Picard, Les Chemins de fer français: Etude historique sur la constitution et le regime du réseau (Paris: J. Rothschild, 1884–85), 2:74; “Un décret du 2 septembre [B.L., 2e sem., 1853, no. 89, p. 427], autorisant les compagnies concessionnaires des chemins de fer, qui abaisseraient leurs tarifs pour le transport des grains et farines et de pommes de terre, avant le 31 décembre 1853, a les relever ensuite dans les limites du maximum prévu par les cahiers des charges:’
Jean Bastié, La Croissance de la banlieue parisienne (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1964), 105; Jeanne Gaillard, Paris: La Ville, 1852–1870 (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1976), 180.
Hartwig Schmidt, “Architecture and Urban Planning, 1850–1914,” in Berlin-New York, Like and Unlike: Essays on Architecture and Art from 1870 to the Present, ed. Josef Paul Kleihues and Christina Rathgeber (New York: Rizzoli, 1993), 129–43.
William Denton, Observations on the Displacement of the Poor, by Metropolitan Railways and by Other Public Improvements (London: Bell & Dalby, 1861).
Auguste Perdonnet, Traite elementaire des chemins de fer, 3rd ed. (Paris: Gamier Freres, 1865), 3:7.
Isabelle Guérin Brot and Jean Pierre Babelon, Les Debuts du chemin de fer en France, 1831–1870 (Paris: Ministere de la Culture et de l’Environnement and SNCF, 1977), 35; Jeffrey Richards and John M. MacKenzie, The Railway Station (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 224–84 passim.
Charles Booth, Life and Labour of the People in London, 2nd ser. (1892; repr., New York: AMS Press, 1970), 3:336–49.
Prosper de Pietra Santa, Chemins de fer et sante publique: Hygiene des voyageurs et des employes (Paris: Hachette, 1861), 3.
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: Trains and Travel in the 19th Century (New York: Urizen Books, 1979), 71, 118–60.
Allan Mitchell, “Private Enterprise or Public Service? The Eastern Railway Company and the French State in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Modern History 69, no. 1 (March 1997): 33–38.
See the 125-plate atlas of Auguste Perdonnet, Camille Polonceau, and Eugène Flachat, Nouveau portefeuille de l’ingenieur des chemins de fer, vol. 3 (Paris: E. Lacroix, 1866). The French photographer Baldus was commissioned to record the works of the French railway companies. See Malcolm R. Daniel, “Edouard-Denis Baldus and the Chemin de fer du Nord Albums,” Image 35, no. 3–4 (1992): 2–37.
Turnock, Historical Geography, 187–89; Barrie M. Ratcliffe, “Urban Space and the Siting of the Parisian Railway Station, 1830–18477 Proceedings of the Western Society for French History 15 (1988): 224; Kellett, Impact of Railways, 290, 318, 327.
Herman Josef Stubben, Der Stadtebau, Handbuch der Architektur, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart: A. Kroner, 1907), 4:241–43; Thomas Nipperdey, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 115; Kellett, Impact of Railways, 299–300.
Turnock, Historical Geography, 192.
Marc Baroli, Le Train dans la litterature française (Paris: La Vie du Rail, 1964), 3.
Laura Hollengreen, “Medieval Sacred Place to Modern Secular Space: Changing Perspectives on the Cathedral and Town of Chartres” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Architectural Historian, Richmond, VA, 18 April 2002).
Clozier, Gare du Nord, 246–47; Booth, Life and Labour, 3rd ser., 2:174 and 186; Manfred Berger, Historische Bahnhofsbauten Sachsens, Preussens, Meckleburgs und Thuringen (Berlin: Transpress, 1980), 22; Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, 171–73, 180; David Blackbourn and Goeff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), 215–16. See also Kellett, Impact of Railways, 289, 297, 318–19.
Ad. Le Hardy de Beaulieu, Station centrale a Bruxelles: Quelques considerations nouvelles et examen des divers projets proposes (Brussels: Ch. Vanderauwera, 1855), 6–7; Clozier, Gare du Nord, 247.
Elihu Burritt, A Walk from London to John O’Groats, 2nd ed. (London: S. Low, Son & Marston, 1864), 2; quoted in Jack Simmons, “The Power of the Railway,” in The Victorian City: Images and Realities, ed. H. J. Dyos and Michael Wolff (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), 300.
Adrien Dumont, “Les Etablissements insalubres et les chemins de fer,” Annales des Chemins de Fer, des Travaux Publics et des Mines, 6 October 1850, 540.
Auguste Perdonnet, Traite elementaire des chemins de fer, 1st ed. (Paris: Langlois et Leclercq, 1855–56), 75–78; Perdonnet, Traite, 3rd ed., 2:30 and 4:401–2. The difference between the two editions of Perdonnet is also noted in Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, 172, n. 1; see also Kellett, Impact of Railways, 303.
Punch, 10 October 1863, 146; cited in Simmons, Victorian Railway, 10, 167, n. 60.
O. Blum, “Bahnhofvorplatz,” in Enzyklopadie des Eisenbahnwesens, ed. Victor von Roll, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1912–23), 1:410–12. See also Bob Martens, Der Bahnhofsvorplatz in der Großstadt im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Dissertation der Technischen Universität Wien, no. 46 (Wien: VWGO, 1988).
Blum, “Bahnhofvorplatz,” 1:410–12; Clozier, Gare du Nord, 274; Mitchell, “Private Enterprise,” 18, where he refers to Theodore Zeldin, France, 1848–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973–77), 1:637–38; Mitchell, Great Train Race, 58; Roll, ed., Enzyklopadie des Eisenbahnwesens, 4:302–3.
Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1938), 150.
Simmons, Victorian Railway, 20 indicates that some owners required embankments to be covered with plantings as a condition for sale.
Joseph Moreau, Abris et plantations pour les chemins de fer et moyens de prevenir les amoncellements de neige (Brussels: Auguste Decq, 1865), 10–16.
Belgian laws of 15 April 1843 and 25 July 1891. French law of 15 July 1845.
From personal conversation with John Dixon Hunt, University of Pennsylvania, 21 February 2002. Station grounds were and still are frequently decorated with flowers and other ornamental plantings cultivated by station staff. This practice was encouraged by competitions between stations and continues today in some communities with civic pride, adequate funds, and low incidence of vandalism (Simmons, Victorian Railway, 260).
Karen Bowie et al., “Polarisation du territoire et développement urbain: Les Gares du Nord et de l’Est et la transformation de Paris au XIXe siecle” (Paris: Plan Urbain, PREDIT, SNCF, and RATP, 1999), 5–38; Karen Bowie, “Introduction au rapport de l’ingenieur en chef des Ponts et Chaussées Cabanel de Sermet sur les traces étudiés et sur celui a adopter pour la premiere section du chemin de fer de Paris a Strasbourg,” Revue d’Histoire des Chemins de Fer 23 (Fall 2000): 79–137. See also E. F. Clark, George Parker Bidder: The Calculating Boy (Bedford, UK: KSL Publications, 1983), 292–93; Jack Simmons, The Railways of Britain: An Historical Introduction, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1968), 52–85.
Auguste Perdonnet and Camille Polonceau, Portefeuille de l’ingenieur des chemins de fer, 2nd ed. (Paris: E. Lacroix, 1861), 1:3, and chap. 1: “De l’Espace occupé par les différentes parties d’un chemin de fer:’
Perdonnet and Polonceau, Portefeuille, 424–27.
M. Jacqmin, De l’Exploitation des chemins de fer: Lefons faites en 1867 a l’Ecole Impériale des Ponts et Chaussees (Paris: Gamier Freres, 1868), 1:39.
Perdonnet, Traité, 2nd ed., 1:2; Roll, ed., Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens, 4:300–302.
Felix Tourneux, Encyclopedie des chemins de fer et des machines a vapeur (Paris: J. Renouard et cie, 1844), 471–73.
Camille Polonceau and Victor Bois, “De la Disposition et du service des gares et stations sur les chemins de fer,” Revue Generale de l’Architecture 1 (1840): cols. 513–43, 733–45.
Auguste Perdonnet and Camille Polonceau, Nouveau portefeuille de l’ingénieur des chemins de fer (Paris: Lacroix-Comon, 1857); Perdonnet, Traité, 1st ed., 2:30; Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, 176.
C. Bricka, Cours de chemins de fer, professé a l’Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (Paris: Gauthier-Villars et Fils, 1894), 225.
Kellett, Impact of Railways, 5; Perdonnet and Polonceau, Portefeuille, 430–33. Already in the first edition of the Traité, Perdonnet only recommends shared stations in areas of lesser activity, not in Paris (p. 79).
“Circulaire du 25 janvier 1854 du Ministre des Travaux Publics reglant les formes de l’enquete sur le nombre, l’étendue et l’emplacement des stations,” in Picard, Chemins de fer français, 4:75–76.
Ulrich Krings, Bahnhofsarchitektur: Deutsche Grossstadtbahnhofe des Historismus (Munich: Prestel, 1985), 85; Kellett, Impact of Railways, 324.
Saussay, Gares des grandes lignes, 2, 7.
S. E. Hoffivann, after Storch. Facilities for the Berlin-Saxony Railway (Anlage fiir die Berlin-Sachsischen Eisenbahn), lithographs, 1842. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Kartenabteilung, Unter den Linden, 44780 and 44783.
Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, 174.
Bowie et al., “Polarisation,” 5; Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1991), 361.
Perdonnet and Polonceau, Portefeuille, 428–29; Perdonnet, Traite, 1st ed., 2:75; Perdonnet, Traite, 3rd ed., 1:125–29.
Saussay, Gares des grandes lignes, 6.
Ibid., 2, 3, 7. This had also been advocated in the review of De la Politique des chemins de fer, by Pierre-Edmond Teisserenc-de-Bort, in Journal des Chemins de Fer, 5 September 1842, 196–97.
Tourneux, Encyclopedie, 471–73.
Bassompièrre-Sewrin, “De la Penetration des chemins de fer dans les villes,” Journal des Chemins de Fer, 25 November 1854, 831.
Simmons, Victorian Railway, 159. According to Simmons, penetration within city walls began in the 1840s, some instances being respectful, others termed “callous” by Pevsner (Nikolaus Pevsner, Shropshire, The Buildings of England [Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1958], 249, 270).
Kellett, Impact of Railways, 4–5, 8–9; Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, 179.
Bassompierre, “Penetration des chemins,” 831.
Perdonnet, Traite, 3rd ed., 1:128–29. See also Barrie M. Ratcliffe, “The Building of the Paris-Saint-Germain Railway: Some Entrepreneurial and Financial Problems of the Launching of Railways in France in the 1830s and 1840s,” Journal of Transport History 2 (February 1973): 29.
Bowie et aL, “Polarisation,” 61; Le Hardy de Beaulieu, “Considerations nouvelles,” 3.
For a chronology of railway and expropriation legislation, see Micheline Nilsen, “The ‘Other Side of the Tracks’: The Implantation of the Railways in Western European Capitals” (PhD diss., University of Delaware, 2003), app. A-1. For references on this topic see the separate legislation section in the bibliography.
O. Cyprian Williams, The Historical Development of Private Bill Procedure and Standing Orders in the House of Commons (London: HMSO, 1948), 1:61–63.
See Nilsen, “Implantation,” app. B-5 for a list of Acts of Parliament and other official documents related to the railways in Britain. For an overview of legislation pertaining to railway development, see Volker Then, Eisenbahnen und Eisenbahnunternehmer in der Industriellen Revolution: Ein Preussisch/deutschenglischer Vergleich (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1997), 112–16.
Kellett, Impact of Railways, 26–27; Charles E. Lee, “Railways and the mid-Victorian Growth of London” (manuscript ca. 1979), 6. The Act of 14 July 1856 (19 & 20 Vict., cap. 47) defined the nature of a limited liability company.
Kellett, Impact of Railways, 25.
HC, 1846 (687), XIV, SC, on Railway Acts and Enactments; HC, 1847–48, XVI, SC, on Railway Bills; both quoted in Kellett, Impact of Railways, 30.
Dominique Audet-Perrier, Les Premiers pas des chemins de fer en Charente: Mythes et realites, 1836–1883 (Paris: Le Croit-vif, 1997), 20; Caron, Histoire des chemins; Jean-Paul Adam, Instauration de la politique des chemins de fer en France (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1972); Pierre-Edmond Teisserenc-de-Bort, Les Travaux publics en Belgique et les chemins de fer en France: Rapport adresse a M. le Ministre des Travaux Publics (Paris: Mathias, 1839), 144.
Bowie et al., “Polarisation,” 6, 31; E. Vigouroux, Legislation et jurisprudence des chemins de fer et des tramways (Paris: E. Thorin, 1886), 117–21.
Isabelle Brot, “Le Financement,” in Isabelle Guerin Brot and Jean Pierre Babelon, Les Debuts du chemin de fer en France, 1831–1870 (Paris: Ministere de la Culture et de l’Environnement and SNCF, 1977), 29.
Caron, Histoire des chemins, 194; Mitchell, “Private Enterprise,” 18–19, 40–41.
Colleen Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 69–70. For a summary of Prussian legislation, see Volker Then, Eisenbahnen und Eisenbahnunternehmer, 103–12.
Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization, 51, 56, 63, 133, 157, 159.
Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, Legislation des chemins de fer en Allemagne (Paris: L. Mathias, 1845), 9; J. A. Schrotter, Das Preussische Eisenbahnrecht in seiner heutigen Gestalt umfassend das Gesetz uber die Eisenbahn-Unternehmungen, vom 3. November 1838 (Berlin: H. W. Muller, 1883).
The limited stock company law of 9 November 1843, a cabinet decree of 22 December 1843, and the Stock Market Decree of 24 May 1844. Preussens Eisenbahngesetzgebung: Eine Zusammenstellung der bisher erschienen, die Eisenbahn-Unternehmungen betreffenden Gesetze und Ministerial-Rescripte (Glogau: Karl Flemming, 1844), 32.
Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization, 162–66.
Francois Bartholony, Quelques idees sur les encouragements a accorder aux compagnies concessionnaires des grandes lignes de chemin de fer et autres travaux d’utilite publique (Paris: Firmin Didot Freres, 1836), 28–29; Alexis Godin, Observations sur le projet de loi d’expropriation des chemins de fer (Paris: Imprimerie de Bonaventure et Ducessois, 1848); T. H. Hovenden, New Railways and New Streets: A Few Hints to Those Affected by Proposed Public Improvements (London: Effingham Wilson, 1872); Max Haushofer, ed., Grundzuge des Eisenbahnwesens in seinen okonomischen, politischen und rechtlichen Beziehungen (Stuttgart: Verlag von Julius Maier, 1874), 99–108. For a detailed comparative examination of expropriation legislation and procedures in western and central European countries, consult von Roll, ed., Enzyklopadie des Eisenbahnwesens, 4:342–61 (with bibliography on p. 361).
1845 (8 Vict., cap. 18; HC, 1845, 420) and (8 Vict., cap. 20; HC, 1845, 420); Kellett, Impact of Railways, 28; A. W. Nicholls, Compensation for the Compulsory Acquisition of Land (Hadleigh, Essex: Thames Bank, 1952), 31–121.
Edwin Course, London’s Railways (London: B. T. Batsford, 1962), 217.
E. Dresser Rogers, Report on the Projected Railway Schemes Affecting the Ward of Aldgate, of Session 1864 (London: Roxbrough, 1864), 12; Metropolitan Railway Commission, Parliamentary Papers, HC,1846, xvii (719), & 21, Q. 2185 (also listed as Royal Commission on Metropolis Railway Termini).
Metropolitan Railway Commission, 6–7.
Villedeuil, Bibliographie des chemins de fer, 23–29.
Article 545 of the Code Civil promulgated on 6 February 1804. Pierre Lavedan, Histoire de l’urbanisme a Paris, 2nd ed., ed. Jean Bastié (Paris: Hachette, 1993), 422; Pierre Pinon, Atlas du Paris haussmannien (Paris: Parigramme, 2002), 17.
Picard, Chemins de fer français, 1:23.
Ratcliffe, “Building Paris-Saint-Germain,” 27; Adam, Instauration de la politique, 101–28, 151–68; Lavedan, Histoire de l’urbanisme, 422. A Senatus Consultum of 21 December 1852 would return the power of declaration of public utility to the emperor. Picard, Chemins de fer français, 4:3–18; Pinon, Atlas, 17–19.
The so-called Armand de Melun Law (Lavedan, Histoire de I’urbanisme, 422). A Council of State decree of 27 December 1858 returned unused land with betterment value to previous owners. In 1860, the Court of Cassation enforced tenant compensation even when eviction did not take place. David H. Pinkney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958), 185; Vigouroux, Legislation et jurisprudence, 113–21.
Bartholony, Quelques idees sur les encouragements, 28–29, vol. 4, “De la prise de possession des terrains nécessaires a l’établissement des chemins de fer:’
Villedeuil, Bibliographie des chemins de fer, 23–29; Pinkney, Napoleon III, 185; Onfroy de Bréville, “Ministere des travaux publics: Chemin de fer de Paris en Belgique, 11 novembre 1843,” Archives Nationales F/14/9376; Karen Bowie, “Gares et villes au XIXe siecle: Deux ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées et l’implantation des gares du Nord et de l’Est a Paris,” Annales des Ponts et Chaussees 89 (April 1999): 5, 7–8; Bowie et al., “Polarisation,” 33–34.
Amédée Brun, Des Dommages causes par l’execution de travaux publics de chemins de fer (Paris: A. Pedone, 1898).
Conditions for land purchase by the state for highway construction had been stipulated by an edict of 18 April 1792 and modified by a Royal Ordnance of 8 August 1832. Von Reden, Legislation des chemins de fer en Allemagne, 58–61; Heinrich Siegfried, Das Gesetz uber die Enteignung von Grundeigenthum: Erlautert unter Benutzung des amtlichen Motive sowie der Kommissionsberichte und Verhandlungen der beiden Hauser des Landtages (Berlin: Gustav Hempel, 1874); Friedrich Seydel, Das Gesetz uber die Enteignung von Grundeigenthum vom 11. Juni 1874 (Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1882).
von Reden, Legislation des chemins de fer en Allemagne, 56. Article 48 of the Law of 3 November 1848.
Pierre-Edmond Teisserenc-de-Bort, Les Travaux publics en Belgique et les chemins de fer en France: Rapport adresse a M. le Ministre des Travaux Publics (Paris: L. Mathias, 1839), 140–41; von Reden, Legislation des chemins de fer en Allemagne, 7–8, 15.
von Reden, Legislation des chemins de fer en Allemagne, 7, 61–67.
N. Bullock, “The Origins of English Planning and the Example of Germany,” in Villes en mutation, XIXe-XXe siecles (Brussels: Credit Communal, 1982), 53–59. Emil Koffka, Kommentar zum Gesetz uber die Enteignung von Grundeigenthum vom 11. Juni 1874, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Franz Vahlen, 1913), 149; “Zum preussichen Expropriationsrechte;” Deutsche Bauzeitung 9 (1875): 352.131. P. Godding, “L’Evolution de la legislation en matiere d’urbanisme en Belgique au XIXe siecle,” in Villes en mutation, 14; Thierry Demey, Bruxelles: Chronique d’une capitale en chantier (Brussels: Paul Legrain, 1990–92), 1:27.
Teisserenc-de-Bort, “Travaux publics,” 495; Jules Gendebien, Legislation et jurisprudence des chemins de fer en Belgique, 1834–1858 (Brussels: Bruylant, 1858), 32–40. Godding, “Evolution,” 11–35 also includes survey of legislation related to social conditions.
M. Nothomb, Travaux publics en Belgique, 1830–1839: Chemins de fer et routes ordinaires, Rapport Présenté aux Chambres Législatives, 12 November 1839 (2nd ed. 1840), 123; Louis Verniers, “Les Transformations de Bruxelles et l’ur-
banisation de sa banlieue depuis 1795,” Annales de la Société Royale Archeologique de Bruxelles 37 (1934): 132–35.
Godding, “Evolution,” 22–23; Le Hardy de Beaulieu, Chemin de fer de la jonction directe des railways de l’Etat a Bruxelles avec station centrale dans l’interieur de la ville pour le service des voyageurs, des postes et des telegraphes (Brussels: Ch. Vanderauwera, 1855), 21.
Godding, “Evolution,” 26–27. The cholera epidemic of 1866 brought the issue of urban sanitation to the foreground.
Godding, “Evolution,” 35. The expropriation legislation was further amended by the Laws of 27 May 1870 and 9 September 1907 (Roll, ed., Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens, 4:343).
Jean Bastié, “Supplement,” in Lavedan, Histoire de l’urbanisme, 661, 663.
Michel Chevalier, Des Chemins de fer en France (Paris: H. Fournier, 1838), 3–5; Marc Baroli, “Le Train dans la littérature Fran4aise,” in Ecritures du chemin de fer: Actes de la journée scientifique organisee en Sorbonne, le 11 mai 1996, ed. Francois Moureau and Marie Noelle Polino, 11–23 (Paris: Klincksieck, 1997).
M. Henry, Considerations generales sur l’etablissement des chemins de fer (Boulogne, France: Imprimerie de Le Roy-Mabile, 1836), 6. The map included in this pamphlet is titled “From London to Calcutta.”
Herbert, Impressionism, 270; David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 158.
Mudge, Observations on Railways, 10. For Belgium, see Depouhon, Du Mode d’ execution du systeme des chemins de fer en Belgique (Brussels: Pelcot et Boissaux, 1833), art. 12. “Chemins de fer,” in Sciences appliquees a l’art militaire: Chemins de fer, telegraphe electrique et optique, telephone, pigeons voyageurs, aerostation, ponts militaires, routes militaires (Brussels: Spinieux, 1888), 1.
As documented by the essays in Polino and Roth, City and Railway.
Copyright information
© 2008 Micheline Nilsen
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nilsen, M. (2008). Introduction. In: Railways and the Western European Capitals. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230615779_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230615779_1
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-37446-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-61577-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)