Abstract
There is a glaring inconsistency between the professed commitment by the international community to protect and promote the universal right to life (RTL), and its abysmal failure to prevent genocide and crimes against humanity, the most flagrant violations of that right. Despite the promise of the Nuremberg Principles, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Convention on Genocide, and a host of other international agreements and precedents, at least 15 million largely defenseless civilians have been murdered by governments and revolutionary armies since the Second World War. As Leo Kuper pointed out some years ago, a salient feature of this massive failure of international law is the inaction of bystander states, most notably the United States.1 In this chapter I defend Kuper’s view that ending, or at least reducing, the phenomenon of bystander states is the most urgent problem facing the human rights community, since for the foreseeable future, the only feasible means of preventing, or at least mitigating, imminent or ongoing genocides and other kinds of mass murder, is the timely and effective intervention by the international community.2
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Notes
Leo Kuper, The Prevention of Genocide (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985).
Roger W. Smith, ed., Genocide: Essays Toward Understanding, Early-Warning, and Prevention (Williamsburg, VA: Association of Genocide Scholars, 1999).
Neal Riemer, ed., Protection Against Genocide: Mission Impossible? (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000).
Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Germany (New York: The Free Press, 1988).
Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University, 1969).
Rudolph J. Rummel, Death By Government (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994).
John K. Roth, ed., Ethics after Auschwitz: Perspectives, Critiques, and Responses (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 1999), p. xii.
James W. Nickel, Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987).
Richard L. Rubenstein, The Cunning of History: The Holocaust and the American Future (New York: Harper, 1987).
Brian Barry, “Equality,” in Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker, eds, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge, 2001).
David H. Jones, Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust: A Study in the Ethics of Character (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), pp. 34–8, for a summary account.
Howard Ball, Prosecuting War Crimes and Genocide: The Twentieth Century Experience (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1999), pp. 86–7.
John G. Heidenrich, How to Prevent Genocide: A Guide for Policymakers, Scholars, and the Concerned Citizen (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), p. 57.
Peter Ronayne, Never Again?: The United States and the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide since the Holocaust (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), pp. 167–71.
Samantha Power, “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. xxi.
David H. Jones, “On the Prevention of Genocide: The Gap between Research and Education,” War Crimes, Genocide, & Crimes Against Humanity 1 (January 2005): 4–37.
Roger W. Smith, “Human Destructiveness and Politics: The Twentieth Century as an Age of Genocide,” in Isidor Walliman and Michael N. Dobkowski, eds, Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), pp. 21–39.
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© 2005 David H. Jones
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Jones, D.H. (2005). The Right to Life, Genocide, and the Problem of Bystander States. In: Roth, J.K. (eds) Genocide and Human Rights. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554832_21
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554832_21
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
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