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Troubled Times

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The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda

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Abstract

The civil war produced greater political repression by the Habyarimana government, and extensive economic dislocation. The country appeared to be trapped in the quagmire of imminent collapse as refugees sought relief from fratricidal military combat and marauding civilian militias. Simultaneously, a process of political reform encouraged from abroad was underway as the system was broadened and made more pluralistic. This movement toward power sharing was accompanied by lengthy negotiations to end the war. By the end of July 1993, Rwanda seemed to be on the road to recovery as an agreement to establish both peace and a new Transitional Government was about to be signed.

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Notes

  1. Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance (London: African Rights, 1994), pp. 29 and 80 and report by special rapporteur Bacre Waly Ndiaye on April 8–17 mission to Rwanda, E/ CN.4/1994/7/Add. 1 (August 11, 1993), p. 8.

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  2. Rwanda: Who is Killing,’ p. 30; ‘Arming Rwanda: The Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War’ (New York: Human Rights Watch Arms Project, January 1994), p. 26; and Alex de Waal, ‘The Genocidal State,’ Times Literary Supplement, no. 4761 (July 1, 1994 ): 4.

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  4. Robert Block, ‘The Tragedy of Rwanda,’ The New York Review of Books, vol. XL1, no. 17 (October 20, 1994): 4

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  5. Robert Block, Amnesty International Report 1993 (New York: Amnesty International, 1993), p. 250; ‘Rwanda: Who is Killing,’ p. 30; ‘Genocide in Rwanda,’ p. 3; and ‘Rwanda: Talking Peace and Waging War,’ p. 28.

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  6. Paris, Le Figaro, June 22, 1994 (FBIS-WEU-94–124); Brussels, Le Soir, June 18–19,1994 (FBIS-AFR-94–119); Frank Smyth, ‘Arms for Rwanda: Blood Money and Geopolitics,’ The Nation, vol. 258, no. 17 (May 2, 1994): 586; Arming Rwanda: The Arms Trade and Human Rights,’ p. 18; and Africa Research Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 3 (March 1993): 10939.

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  7. Omaar and de Waal, pp. 59–60 and 94–95 and Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide ( London: Hurst and Co., 1995 ), pp. 163–68.

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  9. The text of Rwanda’s response to the ICI report appears in Andre Guichaoua, ed., Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993–1994) (Lille: Université Des Sciences et Technologies, 1995), pp. 625–28. and in Ndiaye’s report, pp. 28–32. See also statement by International Federation of Human Rights.

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  10. Economy,’ in Filip Reyntjens, ‘Rwanda: Recent History,’ Africa South of the Sahara, 1992 ( London: Europa, 1992 ), p. 816.

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  11. Reyntjens, pp. 815–16. In 1989–90, diseases struck the cassava and sweet potato crops. See Tor Sellstrom and Lennart Wohlgemuth, ‘Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors,’ in The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience ( Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, Copenhagen: 1996 ), vol 1, p. 37.

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  12. David Waller, ‘Rwanda: Which Way Now?’ (Oxford: Oxfam, 1993), p. 23

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  13. and Michel Chossudovsky, ‘IMF-World Bank Policies and the Rwandan Holocaust,’ Third World Resurgence, no. 52 (1994): 28.

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  14. J. Bayo Adekanye, ‘Structural Adjustment, Democratization and Rising Ethnic Tensions in Africa,’ Development and Change, vol. 26, no. 2 (1995): 360.

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  15. The text of this letter appears in Guichaoua, pp. 712–13. See also Filip Reyntjens, L’Afrique Des Grands Lacs En Crise ( Paris: Karthala, 1994 ), p. 176.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA

    Arthur Jay Klinghoffer (Professor of Political Science)

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  1. Arthur Jay Klinghoffer
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© 1998 Arthur Jay Klinghoffer

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Klinghoffer, A.J. (1998). Troubled Times. In: The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375062_4

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