Abstract
Images of face have been used as legal representation of individuals since the Renaissance when oils on canvas allowed for unprecedented detail and realism (Snyder 1985). However, it was not until well after the invention of photography that faces became integrated into identification documents. Although police departments in the UK began taking mug shots as early as the 1850s (Norris and Armstrong 1999), it was the Geary Act (1892), an extension of the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), which became the first legislation to require photographs of faces to accompany identification documents for re-entry into the US. The nineteenth century proponents of photography argued that photographs established a concrete indexical link between the document and the individual. However, in practice, immigration inspectors found that “photographic truth” (Tagg 1988) could be co-opted to construct “paper families” (Pegler-Gordon 2009). Despite the experiences of immigration inspectors, in 1914 the US State Department called for photographs to be added to passports (Lloyd 2003), and since then facial images have become a dominant component of globally recognized identification documents
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Friedmann, B. and H. Nissenbaum 1996. “Bias in Computer Systems.” ACM Transactions on Information Systems 14(3): 330–47.
Haggerty, K. D. and R. V. Ericson 2000. “The Surveillant Assemblage.” British Journal of Sociology 51(4): 605–22.
ICAO 2003. Biometric Identification to Provide Enhanced Security and Speedier Border Clearance for Traveling Public. Montreal: International Civil Aviation Organisation.
Introna, L. D. and D. Wood 2004. “Picturing Algorithmic Surveillance: The Politics of Facial Recognition Systems.” Surveillance & Society 2(2/3): 177–98.
Lloyd, M. 2003. The Passport: The History of Man’s Most Travelled Document. Phoenix: Sutton Publishing.
Norris, C. and G. Armstrong 1999. The Maximum Surveillance Society: The Rise of CCTV. Oxford: Ber
Pegler-Gordon, A. 2009. In Sight of America: Photography and the Development of U.S. Immigration Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Snyder, J. 1985. Northern Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, the Graphic Arts from 1350 to 1575. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Tagg, J. 1988. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2010 Joseph Ferenbok
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferenbok, J. (2010). Configuring the Face as a Technology of Citizenship: Biometrics, Surveillance and the Facialization of Institutional Identity. In: Kalantzis-Cope, P., Gherab-Martín, K. (eds) Emerging Digital Spaces in Contemporary Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230299047_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230299047_21
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-32397-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-29904-7
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)