Abstract
The title page of John Foxe’s Actes and Monuments (see Illustration 1) has long been read as an icon of the Reformation in England. The images on the left side of the page ascend toward the right hand of God as the faithful congregation gathers for worship, the martyrs play their triumphant trumpets amidst the flames that consume them, and the church triumphant is crowned with glory beneath the heavenly rainbow. On God’s left hand, angels bar the gates of heaven to those who have participated in the celebration of the mass and in an assortment of Roman Catholic religious practices. Central to the lower two scenes are images of women. On God’s right hand, women sit close to the pulpit; one holds an open book, presumably the Bible, on her lap. On God’s left hand, women look toward a line of pilgrims or finger their rosary beads.
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Notes
John Foxe, Actes and Monuments of these latter and perillous dayes touching matters of the Church (London: John Day, 1563), p. 1353.
Micheline White, ‘Protestant Women’s Writing and Congregational Psalm Singing: From the Song of the Exiled “Handmaid” (1555) to the Countess of Pembroke’s Psalmes (1599),’ Sidney Journal 23 (2005), 61–82.
John Knox, A notable and comfortable exposition of M. John Knoxes, upon the fourth of Mathew (London: Robert Walde-graue for Thomas Man, 1583), A3r.
John Knox, The Works of John Knox, ed. D. Laing, 6 vols. (Edinburgh: Thomas George Stevenson, 1846–164), 4:220; 6:103.
Knox, Works, 6:14; 79; 84. Knox’s valuing of godly women as fellow recipients of God’s favor is of a piece with, rather than in contrast to, his reckless denunciation of Roman Catholic female monarchs in Knox, The first blast of the trumpet against the monstruous regiment of women (Geneva: J. Poullain and A. Rebul, 1558).
see Susan M. Felch, ‘The Rhetoric of Biblical Authority: John Knox and the Question of Women,’ SCJ 26 (1995), 807–24.
Anne Vaughan Lock, The Collected Works of Anne Vaughan Lock, ed. Susan M. Felch (Tempe, Az: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1999), 1. Parenthetical page citations refer to this volume.
Rosalind Smith, ‘“Tn a mirrour clere”: Protestantism and Politics in Anne Lok’s Miserere mei Deus,’ in Danielle Clarke and Elizabeth Clarke (eds), ‘This Double Voice’: Gendered Writing in Early Modern England (New York: St. Martins, 2000), pp. 41–60.
See Jane Donawerth, ‘Women’s Poetry and the Tudor-Stuart System of Gift Exchange,’ in Mary E. Burke et al. (eds), Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000), pp. 3–18.
For a discussion of how Lock’s sonnets mirror and extend Wyatt’s political perspective, see Christopher Warley, ‘“An Englishe box”: Calvinism and Commodities in Anne Lok’s A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner,’ Spenser Studies 15 (2001), 205–41.
Edward Dering, A Sermon preached before the Quenes Maiestie (London: lohn Awdely, 1570), B3. Dering changes the masculine iuvenculus indomitus of the biblical text to the feminine form, indomita iuvenca, translates it as ‘heifer’ rather than ‘calf,’ and intensifies the rebuke with the second adjective, ‘unruly.’
Lady Elizabeth Tyrwhit, Morning and euening prayers, with diuers psalms himnes and meditations (London, 1574).
see Elizabeth Tyrwhit, Elizabeth Tyrwhit’s Morning and Evening Prayers ed. Susan M. Felch (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008). For evidence of the 1569 edn.
Andrew Maunsell, The first part of the catalogue of English printed bookes: which concerneth divinitie (London: lohn Windet [and James Roberts], 1595), C2r. The single extant copy of Lock’s second edition (STC 4451) was destroyed in the Second World War, and no facsimile survives.
CUL MS Ii.5.37, described by Louise Schleiner, Tudor and Stuart Women Writers (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 39–45; 256 notes 10–11.
Ludovico Guicciardini, Homes of recreation, or afterdinners, which may aptly be called The garden of pleasure (London: Henry Bynneman, 1576), A4r.
John Strype, The Life and Acts of Matthew Parker (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1831), 2:327; this account is taken from the Burghley manuscripts.
see also William Camden, The historie of the life and reigne of…Elizabeth, late Queene of England (London: Benjamin Fisher, 1630), 2:62–3.
Josias Nichols, The plea of the innocent wherein is auerred; that the ministers & people falslie termed puritanes, are iniuriouslie slaundered for enemies of troublers of the state ([London]: J. Windet?, 1602), 9.
cf. Patrick Collinson, ‘John Field and Elizabethan Puritanism,’ in Godly People: Essays on English Protestantism and Puritanism (London: Hambledon Press, 1983), p. 350.
See Micheline White, ‘Renaissance Englishwomen and Translation: The Case of Anne Lock’s Of the markes of the children of God,’ ELR 29 (1999), 375–400.
Richard Carew, The Survey of Cornwall (London: John Haggard, 1602), 109v-110r.
cited in Micheline White, ‘Women Writers and Literary-Religious Circles in the Elizabethan West Country: Anne Dowriche, Anne Lock Prowse, Anne Lock Moyle, Ursula Fulford, and Elizabeth Rous,’ MP 103 (2005), 202.
Thanks to Jamie Reid Baxter and Jane Dawson for pointing me towards the St. Andrews Psalter, which is organised into three parts: a complete metrical psalter, a set of eighteen canticles, and an eclectic collection of songs which include Lock’s sonnet. The heading to the sonnet reads, ‘Maister gudman sumtyme minister of Sanctandrous gave this letter to Andro Kempe, maister of the sang Scule, to set it in four pairtis; It is verray hard till it be thryse or four tymis weill and rychly sung’ (BL Add. MSS 33933, fol. 52b). That Christopher Goodman ‘gave’ the sonnet to Kemp tells us nothing of its authorship, but simply indicates that he authorised the piece to be set to music. See also Jamie Reid Baxter, ‘Thomas Wode, Christopher Goodman and the Curious Death of Scottish Music,’ Scotlands (1997): 1–20.
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Felch, S.M. (2010). The Exemplary Anne Vaughan Lock. In: Harris, J., Scott-Baumann, E. (eds) The Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680. Early Modern Literature in History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289727_2
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